Thesis Final Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Paper - Thesis Example Special needs students should likewise mingle with other students and partake in peer and teacher socializations. An effective technique for the integration of special needs students entails simply a cue not to treat them as special persons with disabilities. In this process, students with disabilities achieve a sense of belonging and a feeling of acceptance (Cooper et al, 2002). This paper will discuss how special needs students learn through the help of inclusion and accommodation in the regular classroom settings. This paper will also prove that teachers play an important role in educating the special needs students. Academic institutions, as well as educators, are expected to make adjustments for the diversities of special needs students by modifying features in the school setting that may be unfavorable to the students advancement. Accommodation refers to modification of the school facilities, programs, and training in relation to education of the disabled students. In court cases, accommodation has been used to refer to amendments in the special needs students’ education. Likewise, accommodation refers to advances wherein several components of the entire learning environment of the students are modified for more education encouragement. The educators emphasize on amending the educational atmosphere or the learning necessities to enable these students to be educated regardless of their limitations or deficits (Price et al, 1998). Accommodation entails the utilization of customized training practices, more bendable administrative methods, adaptable educational conditions, or any classroom activity that focuses on the use of more integral abilities or that offers revised educational processes (Price et al, 1998). The majority of students, particularly the ones with learning disabilities, can profit from study skills training. The

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final Paper - Essay Example This incorporates both social and organizational concerns (Smith & Drumwright, 2008). According to Porter, business decision making is changing in terms of context and market place dynamics. The relationship between marketers and the society is increasingly becoming crucial as the role of consumers continues to evolve. The business environment in the world today is reasonable unpredictable. Marketers are being forced to change their perception from a narrow view of customers to incorporating the role of a customer into organizational success. IFC is a global institution with operations in over 100 developing countries. The institution is changing its marketing strategy to bring its staff and clients close to each other. This has increased the customer satisfaction rates. Most of these enquires do not have to be referred to the headquarters. As a result, the response time to the client needs has increased. Global marketing strategies demand an acute understanding to the customer needs and expectations. (Comments by Corrine Harrison).The housing industries are treating consumers with the utmost respect and them as serious stakeholders in the future (Walker&Orville, 2011). As a result, most housing industries have been on the rise. This has also attracted growth in the transport sector and computer systems. Most of the industries in this sector opt not to use market-oriented approach. According to Walker and Mullins, the competitive nature of the environment does not necessitate ultra sensitivity of the needs of the buyers. However, these companies have mastered the economic needs of customers and are moving speedily to address them. They have identified a growing need for assets as the vital driving force for consumer appetite. They have also dealt with the long-term consumer needs and are working on pricing structures and increasing consumer demands. Companies like The Home Depot are known to have adopted that approach. The automobile manufacturers have

Phytochemical report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phytochemical report - Coursework Example The tree height is between 5 to 8 meters. It is traditionally used as treatment remedy option for intestinal diseases, diarrhea and dysentery (Jindal and Sharma, 2004). The pomegranate fruit is comprised of almost 550% of full pomegranate mass. It contains 85% sap and 15% seeds. The fresh liquid is composed of 80% water, 15% whole sugars, and 2.5% pectin, polyphenolic flavonoids and the ascorbic acid. The critically abundant phytochemicals present in the juice of pomegranate are tannins. The most frequent phytochemicals in the pomegranate are the hydrolysable tannins. These are known as ellagitannins and are produced as the result of binding between some carbohydrate and the ellagic acid. Punicalagins are the type of tannins which have the property of scavenging for free radicals present in our body (Kulkarni et al , 2007). They have the potential to be used as therapeutics (Heber, 2008). Some other phytochemicals present are catechins which are polyphenolic in nature, gallocatechins and a variety of anthocyanins like cyanidin and prodelphinidins etc (Plumb et al., 2002). Due to the presence of these phytochemicals the pomegranate plant is very abundantly used as a therapeutic agent like bark of the root is used in the treatment of parasites residing in the intestine like tape worms. We will focus on the effects of punicalagins as they are readily absorbed and have a critical value as anti oxidants. Different studies involving the fruit extract and also the flower extract showed that there is high content of punicalagins in them and the therapeutic potential of this compound is very diverse. It is basically a poly phenolic compound. Particularly speaking the punicalagins  are the huge compounds of polyphenols which are the isomers of 2, 3 - (S) -hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-(S,S) - gallagyl- D- glucose. The molecular weight is 1085 reparation (Bialonska, et al, 2009). Affects of Processing on Punicalagins   The homogeneous punicalagins is made by performing the extractions with different solvents of the comminuted pomegranate outgrowth. It has the reddish brown appearance and the total yield is about 30% to 35 % punicalagins. There is as such no effect of processing on the structure and activities of the compound. It maintains its native properties and is used commercially as an antioxidant. The final product is in the powder form. Different methods have been devised for the extraction of organic compounds, so similarly there have been a number of methods which have been used for the isolation and purification of the punicalagins. The organic extraction method is one of the safest and relatively cost effective methods. Whatever the method may be used, special care is taken in order to maintain the stability and activity of the product so that it can be used commercially or experimentally. For the purification relatively benign and highly specific and sensitive techniques are used like High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As this is a very sensitive and rapid method the extracts can be easily purified by it. Studies are still under process to improve the methods of extraction of these bioactive compounds in their native form (Heber, 2008). Effects in the body Punicalagins are extremely exclusive and strong polyphenol antioxidant which metabolize into ellagic acid. The rate of absorption of

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay The face of pedagogy has evolved through time with the emergence of the technological age in the 19th century. As new technologies have been developed in order to enhance and produce efficient working environments, educational institutions, especially early childhood education, have slowly adapted several technological tools in order to facilitate the teaching-learning process. Learning available technological advancements in early childhood education (ECE) and understanding how to incorporate them in the teaching process interests me because of the complex and specialized characteristic of ECE. Children are always curious about the things around them, that is why they love exploring and discovering things that are new to them. Applying technology in the classroom setting would be instrumental in teaching them many concepts that would be difficult to teach in the real-life environment. Moreover, employing technology would allow teachers to design challenging instructional materials that may be easily accessed by children. Synopsis One Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 (1) This article emphasizes the importance of technology in tracking and monitoring the growth and progress of children within the educational institution. It asserts that making use of technology allows the teacher to properly document the developments of each child, with the use of pictures and videos for instance, in order to involve and show the parents each milestone that their children accomplish in the school. Technology is also relevant during the assessment phase. The author continues to list several technological tools that from the lowest priced to the highly expensive, while still remaining important in assessing the developments within each child. Cameras, whether disposable, Polaroid, or digital, as well as digital video cameras, are useful in documenting the activities that children get involved in within the school. This would help in showing the parents how their children have grown from day one until the end of classroom instruction. Cassette recorders may be used to record sounds, such as songs, poems, and sounds learned throughout the year, in order to know what new knowledge they have learned regarding sound reproduction and music. Scanners may be used to keep records of pictures and artworks that children have made all throughout the year. This would help in assessing the creativity of each child. Communication with the parents at home may be facilitated by establishing an online website where the teacher and the parents may contact each other. Moreover, online websites may be used to send newsletters and other information that are in a need-to-know basis for the parents. (2) This article is important for teachers who want to learn about simple and affordable technologies to use in the classroom setting. Cameras, video cameras, scanners, sound recorders, and online websites, are simple devices that teachers can easily use. Moreover, assessment and evaluation has gone up a higher level with the options of using technologies, as well as in involving the parents with the education of their child. (3) The technological gadgets suggested by the author benefits the learner, although they do not get to explore and manipulate each gadget, because it focuses on the assessment phase of learning which assists in the identification of needs, demands and follow-throughs of children. Moreover, parents get involved in the education of their children, allowing them to know how they can assist in teaching their children more at home. (4) These technologies may be implemented by providing sound recorders for each student from the beginning of the class and let them record sounds that they have never learned before. During activities, which bring out their skills and abilities, the teacher should be able to take pictures and videos for documentation. Paper works done by the students should all be scanned accordingly for records sake and assessment in the future. At the end of the teaching instruction, the online website should be put up in the World Wide Web, and communicated to the parents in order for them to gain access to the website and start communicating with the teacher whenever possible. Synopsis Two Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). â€Å"Technology in Early Childhood Education. † Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf (1) The research study has explored the pros and cons of the employment of technology to early childhood education. The argument lies on the capacity of technological tools to provide for the basic needs of children, including their physical, social, emotional, mental, and language development needs. However, researchers could not deny the contributions that technology will make for facilitating teaching and learning for early childhood education. These contributions being teaching children how to learn by autonomy, wherein they learn by doing things by themselves, and the visualization of difficult concepts to teach and for children to grasp. The different developmental stages in early childhood education are also discussed in order to identify the goals and needs of children in each stage. The author continues to discuss several technologies to accomplish these goals and needs. The computer is the most important technological tool that should be used in early childhood education. Moreover, several softwares are available for computers, such as softwares that may be used in constructing examinations, drills, and practice tests. (2) The information in this article is important for teachers who wants to understand the benefits and advantages of technological tools within the classroom. This would assist them in making evenhanded decisions on whether to employ technological use for classroom instruction. Moreover, teachers who want to utilize technology within the classroom setting are informed of the goals and objectives of each child developmental stage in order to design technologies that are able to meet these goals and objectives. (3) The technology discussed in the article, such as the computer and software programs benefit the learner because of wide-range activities that it can develop for learners, such as drills and tests. This would allow teachers to produce numerous automated exams that would help students widen their knowledge and exercise their minds in order to retain information learned throughout classroom instruction. Moreover, computers are able to provide numerous functions such as music, videos, pictures, access to the internet, multimedia applications, language assistive technologies, etc. (4) Implementing what I read from the article takes time and careful planning. Planning should be done to lay out activities that will be suitable for particular developmental stages in children. After planning, the teacher is now ready to incorporate technologies according to the level of understanding and need of each child. This would be established by teaching children the basics of the computer and letting them handle it for better learning and understanding. Synopsis Three Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961 (1) The proper implementation of technology, so as to ensure positive learning outcomes, is the focus of this article. The author acknowledges the fact that technology does hold negative learning outcomes, especially to young children. In addition, the author continues to discuss the inadequacy of technologies if used improperly and minimally. Therefore, the author reveals steps or guidelines for making the most of the positive effects on learning that technologies may yield to early childhood education. These steps or guidelines include the use of clear digital images with large informative captions, images that show children who display moral values that students might learn, records of visuals and creative works done by students in the computer and student portfolios, taking videos of meaningful activities, and videos of theatrical performances done by children in order for them to imitate and gain insights about acting and being creative. (2) The article is relevant in reminding teachers on how to properly use technologies due to the fact that when these technological devices are used inadequately, then it will yield negative learning outcomes for young children. Aside from reminding teachers of this valuable information, it also provides important tips on how to maximize technology and utilize it appropriately. (3) This valuable piece of information benefits the learner in such a way that it educates the teacher. Educating teachers, especially on the proper use of technology, is significant in teaching with the use of technology properly, therefore, resulting to positive learning outcomes. (4) Implementing this piece of information in classroom instruction starts with committing such information to memory in order to remind oneself of how to use technology effectively in the classroom. Synopsis Four Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 (1) The focus of the research paper is to identify and reveal the importance of technology for the early childhood classroom and the benefits that they provide for the children. Several examples were given in order to illustrate real life situations wherein the incorporation of technology in classroom instruction was successful. UPS is an educational institution, which utilizes technology during classroom instruction. The institution attests to the positive learning outcomes that technologies yield within the children. Aside from the children, the teachers also benefit from the functions that technology provide to facilitate teaching and lighten their burden of keeping records and assessing the children’s growth and development. Moreover, technologies also enhance communication lines of the educational institution with the parents. Indeed, the children’s use of technology have gone beyond only gaming to learning valuable concepts that technology offers. (2) I think the article takes on a general approach to the study of technology as a means of facilitating learning for early childhood education. Not only does it discuss the benefits of technology on children, but also its positive effects to teachers and the parents as stakeholders who are involved with the education of young learners. Through this article, children, teachers, and parents learn to appreciate the benefits and advantages that technology provides in order to enhance the learning of their children. Moreover, other educational institutions may learn from the testimonies of UPS. (3) This article does not particularly talk about a certain technology that benefits the learner but it discusses the importance of technology in order to provide meaningful and challenging learning experiences to children. Moreover, it informs people on the importance of technology to the holistic development of children, professional career of teachers, and the involvement of parents to education. (4) The article talks about the need for educational institutions to implement technological tools itself and does not illustrate how to implement them. For educational institutions who are deciding whether to incorporate technology into their classroom instructions shall be guided by the advantages it would provide for learners, teachers and parents. Thus, encouraging them to implement technology when possible in order to promote quality learning. Bibliography Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). Technology in Early Childhood Education. Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961

Self balancing vehicle

Self balancing vehicle 1.Introduction 1.1. Introduction Research on two wheeled, self balancing vehicle is gaining momentum in many laboratories around the world and has made many developments based on it. Balancing carts are defined by their ability to balance on two wheels and spin on the spot similar to an inverted pendulum. It has been the subject of many researches around the world ever since people started investigating the concept of inverted pendulum system. Many forms and functions of a two wheeled cart have been developed and modified, due to its high manoeuvrability, two wheeled balancing cart has been investigated and developed to become a human transport machine. The Segway, Pegasus, and iBot models are such examples of the design of two wheeled balancing robot as a human transport machine. Balancing of a two wheel cart is a non linear control problem which is quite complex to solve in a methodological approach due to two degrees of freedom, i.e. the balancing cart position and angle using only one control input force. The control principle simply involves driving the wheels of the cart in the direction where the body is falling. It has the same principles as balancing a broom stick on the palm of a hand, a person balancing the stick moves the hand in the direction that the stick is falling The scope of this thesis is to design a controller and develop the hardware for the two wheeled cart such that the cart can stay in an upright position while the cart is in a static position or moving. Apart from the above, the thesis will look into the suitability and performance of different types of linear state space controllers namely the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), pole placement controller and state observer design in balancing the system. 1.2. Literature Review The wide application of technology derived from the very concept of inverted pendulum has lead to many researches being carried out by many researchers and robot enthusiasts around the world. This chapter provides a review on some vital topics related to the balancing of a two wheeled robot as well as some of the existing human transporters, 1.2.1. Segway The Segway PT is a two-wheeled, self-balancing electric vehicle invented by Dean Kamen. It is produced by Segway Inc. of New Hampshire, USA. The working of the Segway is based on a new technology termed dynamic stabilization, i.e. it uses the bodys movement to enable the Segway to perform its function. For instance, to move forward or backward, the rider has to lean in the required direction, similarly, for left-right movement, the Leansteer frame is turned in the required direction. The dynamics of Segway PT are also based on the concept of the inverted pendulum. It consists of electric motors powered by Valence Technology and phosphate based lithium ion batteries, two tilt sensors and 5 gyroscopes. The servo drive motors rotate the wheels forward or backwards as needed for balance or propulsion. 1.2.2. Self Balancing Scooter Trevor Blackwell built a self-balancing scooter similar to the Segway HT that was completed in 2002. There are two models of the scooter built by Trevor Blackwell and the control system of the vehicle are summarized below, Model 1: The scooter is powered by Remote Control (RC) car battery packs. The packs provide a power source that can support the high discharge rate demanded by the motors. The control system of the vehicle is run from an 8-bit Atmel microcontroller using Proportional Derivative (PD) control with feedback from a piezo electric rate gyroscope. The gain parameters can be tuned by hand while actually using the vehicle. The motors are controlled by the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals from the motor driver. Steering is done by making one wheel go faster than the other. Because all the mass is centered between the wheels, it can spin around quite quickly. The steering system adds and subtracts a small percentage of power from the motors depending on the current speed of the vehicle Model 2: This model is an improvisation of the first model. It is designed to be much smoother, lighter and faster than the first model. Roboteq dual channel motor controller used in the first model is replaced with an OSMC (Open Source Motor Controller) driving each wheel independently. The OSMC can supply from 13V to 50V at 160A continuous and 400A peak while the major advantage stems from the processing time which is in the order of one or two milliseconds compared to tens of milliseconds with the previously used Roboteq motor controller. The gyroscope system used in the first model is replaced with a gyroscope/accelerometer assembly that has significantly less noise and less susceptible to vibrations. This model includes a Bluetooth connection such that the scooter can be driven remotely while balancing. 1.2.3. JOE le Pendule Felix, Grasser (2002) built a revolutionary two-wheeled vehicle called the JOE. It consists of two coaxial wheels with each wheel coupled to a DC motor. This configuration enables the vehicle to do stationary U-turns. The control system consists of two state space controllers which drives the motors so as to keep the system in equilibrium while in motion. In order to reduce cost as well as danger for the test pilots a scaled down prototype carrying a weight instead of a driver was built (Grasser et al). The implemented control system is the pole placement control. JOEs performance can be further enhanced by varying the pole placement in real time depending on the states and inputs of the system. The implementation of these controllers can be seen in papers published by Nakajima et al. (1997), Shiroma et al. (1996), Takahashi et al. (2001) and Grasser et al (2002). 1.2.4 LegWay EquiBot Steve Hassenplugs Lego based LegWay uses two Electro-Optical Proximity Detectors to balance and detect and follow lines. This robot uses Infrared Proximity detectors to deduce the tilt angle of the robot. Another robot similar to the Legway is the Equibot by Dan Piponi. Equibot is a balancing robot which is like a small scale segway. It is based around an ATMega32 RISC Microcontroller. It has just one sensor: the Sharp infrared ranger. This is positioned facing downwards to measure distance to the floor and as a result tilt angle is obtained. The output from this device is used to decide which way the robot is leaning and hence stabilize the system. 1.2.5 nBot Balancing Robot The nBot balancing robot by David P.Anderson is another two wheeled balancing robot that has been developed in the recent past, the concept of balancing this robot could be applied to this two wheeled balancing cart project, for the nBot the wheels are driven in such a way as to stay under the robots center of gravity, hence, the robot remains balanced. The nbot consists of two feedback sensors: a tilt or angle sensor to measure the tilt of the robot with respect to gravity, and also consist of encoders on the wheels in order to measure the position of the base of the robot. The position and motion of an inverted pendulum based machine such as the nBot are defined by four variables. They are the position, the velocity, the tilt angle and the tilt rate. The measurements from these four variables are summed and fed back as a motor voltage which is proportional to torque, hence is used to balance and drive the robot. 1.2.6 EDGAR A student project at the University of Adelaide under the guidance of Dr.Ben Cazzolato resulted in EDGAR, the Electro-Drive Grav-Aware Ride. EDGARs design draws up the successes and failures of the Segway PT and various other attempts of producing self balancing scooters which use different automatic control methods. Angular feedbacks from the gyroscopic sensor and PWM output to motors are used in a control system to achieve balance in EDGAR. The microcontroller used is the Wytec MiniDRAGON+ development board; the microcontroller receives the information from sensors, interprets the information and then sends commands to drive the system to maintain balance.

Emilio Aguinaldo Was The President Of Philippines History Essay

Emilio Aguinaldo Was The President Of Philippines History Essay Emilio Aguinaldo was the president of Philippines at age 28 and was the leader of the Pilipino Revolt. He pushed strongly for independence from Spain and conquered much land although he later loss to America in the Philippine-American War. 1899 Open Door Policy After the boxer rebellion and opium wars, China closed its ports to rest of the world. The US proposed a peaceful note to China to ask them to open their ports for equal trade around the world. The USs Secretary of State, John Hay, sent the note to the other world powers and they said they would agree only if the other powers agreed. Eventually they did and China had to open its ports 1899 Samuel Golden Rule Jones Samuel Jones was the mayor of Toledo, Ohio. He established many progressive reforms that improved working conditions for workers in the town and became extremely popular by promoting the Golden Rule, coining his nickname. 1900 Spheres of Influence This is where when a country dominates a territory no one else can perform trade or other transactions. It began between Germany and Britain when they had a dispute over territories in the Gulf of Guinea. 1900 Charles and Mary Beard This couple was of the most influential socialists of the 20th century. They believed that economics influenced the society rather than its leaders. 1901 Big Stick Diplomacy This coined phrase represented Roosevelts adjustments to the Monroe Doctrine. It got its name from Roosevelt speaking softly but carrying a big stick. 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike This was a strike in Pennsylvania where the mine workers asked for shorter work days, higher pay and to be recognized as a union. It got so bad that President Roosevelt intervened, neutrally, and gave the workers what they wanted. The owners got paid more for their coal as well. 1903 Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty This was the treaty that granted America permission to build the Panama Canal. It was between John Hay and Philpe Buneau-Varilla. They negotiated only after Panama got their independence from Columbia. 1904 Roosevelt Corollary Taking points from the Monroe Doctrine, this policy, created by Roosevelt, said that the US would be the protectorate of the western hemisphere. It also said the US would interfere in foreign affairs only if it felt the need. 1904 Northern Securities Case This case is significant because it is the first time the government successfully broke up a monopoly. A railroad company owned by Morgan, Hill, and Hammer, had managed to collect numerous stocks and beat out its competitors. This cases ended companies merging together and the court ruled that the company was violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1905 International Workers of the World This was a group of unskilled workers who came together to breakup classes. It was comprised of many well-known activists for unions and labors. 1905 Wobblies This was what the people of the International Workers of the World called themselves. Their main purpose was to get rid of capitalism or free enterprise. 1907 Gentlemens Agreement This was an agreement between the US and Japan stating that no one could enter US with the intent to work. Later discrimination rose against Asians in America. The agreement settled this dispute and an understanding against immigrants were made. The Immigration Act of 1924 nullified this agreement. 1907 Great White Fleet This was when America sent 16 white large battleships on expeditions around the world. This was meant to show that America was a world power and their navy was increasing and improving. 1909 Dollar Diplomacy This diplomacy was established during Roosevelts presidency, but carried over into Tafts presidency. It stated that the US would give loans to countries in South, Central America and Asia, and ensured the safety of foreign affairs. This policy encouraged investments of the US. 1909 Insurgents Revolt This was a rebellion of the Cuban people against the Spanish. Americans provoked it with yellow journalism and eventually America got involved and led to the Spanish-American War 1909 Ballinger Pinchot Affair This was a dispute within politics in the White House. Pinchot found out that Ballinger was giving his friends rights to mine on government protected lands, so he told the president. The president, Taft, approved of it and Pinchot got mad, got fired, and told the press. During the 1912 election, this dispute split the Republican Party, thus allowing Wilson to win. 1912 Moral Diplomacy Created by President Wilson, this policy said that America would remain neutral during WWI. It also said that the U.S, would protect and democrat Latin American country. It promoted peace and advancement of America. 1912 New Freedom This was a campaign slogan made by Wilson, which promised many new reforms and policies made by the government. This took place during Wilsons first term in office and described the progressive era. 1912 New Nationalism This was the policy where Roosevelt said that government would control businesses. He promoted human rights and well-being as his slogan in the 1912 election. 1913 Triple Wall Privilege During the election of 1912, Wilson promoted taking out banks, tariffs, and trusts. He did this by eliminating the influence of lobbyist, signing the Federal Reserve Act, and Clayton Antitrust Act. 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff Under President Wilson, this tariff reinforced the federal income tax lowering it from 40% to 25%. It caused many business and people to go into debt and almost ended the prosperity era they had just experienced. 1913 Federal Reserve System This was the main banking system of America, created to stabilized Americas finances and monetary system. It was established in the Federal Reserve Act, under President Wilson. 1914 Panama Canal Wilson set out to increase trade and reduce travel time of ships so he proposed to build a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal is a 48 mile long canal with a series of locks that allow large ships to pass through. This is an important travel center for sea traveling. 1915 Birth of a Nation D. W. Griffin This was a popular silent film based off the book the Clansman that told the story of a family after the Civil War. It covered very controversial topics and started the blackface era. 1915 Lusitania This was the British ship that Germany sunk, which had American citizens on board. The Americans said if the sinking of neutral ships doesnt end, they will be forced to enter the war, in which they later did. 1898 Black Jack Pershing Pershing was a highly accredited military man. He fought in the Spanish-American War and was deemed the highest ranking officer in WWI. The only ever person to have this title was President Washington. 1916 Sussex/Arabic Pledges During WWI, this was a pledge that said Germanys submarines couldnt attack neutral ships. This took place after the sinking of Lusitania. It made Germany change some of its warfare tactics. 1917 Zimmerman Note This was a note from Germany to Mexico asking for their alliance. America intercepted it and was infuriated. This was the last straw and America entered the world war. 1917 Committee of Public Information This was a committee of people put together to persuade Americans to join the army to fight in the war. They used great propaganda and advertisements to influence the citizens. 1917 Creel Committee Ran by George Creel, also called the Committee of Public Information, this committee spread encouragement to the Americans to join the army. They made it their mission to publish information about the war and turn their attention away from censorship to the war. 1918 Fourteen Points These were a set of suggestions, created by President Wilson, in which he presented to the Allies. These suggestions were to be a part of The Treaty of Versailles. Only some of the points were used in the treaty. 1919 Henry Cabot-Lodge During the war, Lodge was a very prominent figure in American politics, in that he opposed much f President Wilsons views. He was the leader of the Senate and strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles because it did not include total submission of Germany. 1919 Irreconcilables These were people of Congress who opposed the League of Nations. They argued that America would be better off not being a part of the League of Nations and felt the treaty to be too harsh. 1920 Reservationists These were people of Congress who supported the League of Nations only if certain amendments were made to it. This group was led by Henry Lodge 1919 Treaty of Versailles This was the treaty that ended World War I. It gave full responsibility of the war to Germany and stated that they had to give back all acquired lands and pay for the damages. Germany soon became bitter and this involuntarily led to WWII. It also established the League of Nations. 1919 Volstead Act This act promoted the 18th Amendment and punished all those who violated the law. It also regulated the supply and sale of liquor. 1920 League of Nations This was a group of nations that came together after World War I that created and regulated actions of all the nations. It influenced many of the worlds ability to interact with each other and promoted peace. Proposed by Woodrow Wilson, surprisingly the US did not approve of the league and held out on entering.

Constructivism, Educational Research, and John Dewey :: Learning Education Essays

Constructivism, Educational Research, and John Dewey ABSTRACT: Schools are expected to transmit knowledge to younger generations. They are, however, also increasingly criticized for distributing so-called inert knowledge, i.e., knowledge that is accessed only in a restricted set of contexts even though it is applicable to a wide variety of domains. The causes of limited knowledge transfer are mostly attributed to the dis-embeddedness of learning situations in schools. Instructional procedures that result in learning in the sense of being able to recall relevant information provide no guarantee that people will spontaneously use it later. "Authentic learning," acquiring knowledge in the contexts that (will) give this knowledge its meaning, is now being presented as an alternative. Underpinning these reform proposals is not only a (growing) concern with efficiency, but is also a new epistemological theory, labelled as constructivism. This paper will, first, focus on the layout of and diverging perspectives within recent constructivist re search in education. Next, the epistemological approach of John Dewey will be discussed, which takes as its starting point the relation of knowledge to action. Finally, we will indicate what a Deweyan approach might add to the constructivist research in education. 1. One indication of the rate of growth of constructivist research in education is the proliferation of its perspectives and positions. Apparently, it is already found wanting to distinguish between different themes, accents, evaluations. Instead, one speaks of contrasting ‘paradigms’. Thus, Steffe & Gale distinguish in a reader entitled Constructivism in education six different "core paradigms", viz "social constructivism, radical constructivism, social constructionism, information-processing constructivism, cybernetic systems, and sociocultural approaches to mediated action" (1995, p.xiii). All of these so-called paradigms reject traditional epistemological claims about knowledge as an objective representation of ‘reality’. Their arguments are, however, only rarely directed against inherited traditional conceptions. Rather, it are the newly formulated alternatives which serve as points of reference. Constructivist ‘paradigms’ are most of all elab orated in debate with fellow-alternatives. The most outspoken pioneer of a constructivist approach to teaching has been Ernst von Glasersfeld, whose ‘radical constructivism’ still is at the center of the debate. Elaborating on the works of Jean Piaget, von Glasersfeld has particularly focussed on individual self-regulation and the building of conceptual structures through reflection and abstraction. According to von Glasersfeld, ‘authentic’ learning depends on seeing a problem as ‘one’s own problem’, as an obstacle that obstructs one’s progress toward a goal. The farthest removed from this individualistic focus seems to be the sociocultural approach that originated with Ljev Vygotskij in Russia.