Having an Inter professional team

Having an Inter professional team This essay is meant to throw light on the importance of having an inter- professional team that would make the service delivery to patients easier. In this essay I will discuss the roles played by nurses and other professionals in the team. The essay will reflect the efficiency of such a team and their work distribution and involvement. I will highlight the ways in which a team of professionals will work together to take proper decisions during emergency situations and tackle them effectively. The essay will also critically evaluate the various concepts of inter professional team work. An inter-professional team is a group of people who have a certain common goals or objectives which drives them to work together by setting aside individual goals. Inter professional team can be defined as a dynamic process involving two or more health care professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care, accomplished through interdependent collaboration, open communication and shared decision-making, and generates value-added patient, organizational and staff outcomes (Xyrichis and Ream 2007). Freeth et al (2005) defined inter professional team work as when two or more professional learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care. ThinkingThere are some ways to see interprofessional working. One way is to view it as one which involves thinking, feeling and taking action based upon that (Hammick et.al 2009).Thus the three important aspects of interprofessional working is illustrated below: Being Inter-professional ssssss Feeling Doing/Acting Practising The healthcare sector started showing interest in the interprofessional working during the early 1990. (Institute of Medicine, 1998;ONeil and Pew Health Professions Commission 1998) An interprofessional team is working to provide service in a properly planned and systematic manner. In the health care sector inter professional teams are meant to develop groups that works towards efficiently rendering care to the patients. These teams include nurses, doctors, and other health care professionals. For a team to be efficient role clarity to inevitable and this will help them define their own duties and responsibilities avoiding conflicts (West and Markiowicz, 2004). A team essentially will have a team leader who will lead the team and motivate them to render good service working together (Martin and Rogers 2004). A health care team will work effectively if there is stability in the team, this will make the team member in the group work with shared trust and understanding (Gair and Hartery, (2001)). Interprofessional teams are of various types, they include multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary etc. In case of multidisciplinary teams the members are from various teams. These members set their own discipline specific goals and work towards achieving it. But ultimately the result is calculated as the total of all the disciplines (Dean and Geiringer 1990). The position of team members in the team hierarchy will affect the way in which the team functions and how it will render the service (Cotts, 1998). In case of a multidisciplinary team there exist subgroups of doctors, social workers, therapists and also subgroups which had nurses and other junior staff. Her study also unveiled the idea that the different subgroups had different perceptions about the inter professional teams. According to McWilliam et al (2003), interprofessional working is a very difficult task for health care professionals. The patients didnt get the full benefit of interprofessional working due to the misunderstanding between the health care professionals regarding the policies and procedures in it. Critics like Bion (1961) say that the interprofessional teams fail to focus on the real task they should be doing. The primary tasks for which they have come together is forgotten most of the by the interprofessional teams. Whenever there is an issue the teams to fail to reach at a consensus and they do not take proper decisions on the issue (Strokes 1994). The meetings conducted in order to take decision on the matter are just a waste of time. These assumptions are based on the work group mentality theory. Critics of interprofessional team have questioned the values of the team. It is said that the teams are not well managed and they do not work properly and responsibily. Negotiation theory puts forward the perspective of negotiating the personal and professional goals. (Strauss, 1978) The negotiations by professionals in the health care field have played a critical role in molding the characteristics of an interprofessional team. Loss and change theory reiterates that the health care professionals like doctors and nurses lose their professional identity as they are working in a team, this will lead to developing an improper relationship and improper behavior in the team (Atkins, 1998). Thus it critically points to the inter professional teams in that it wouldnt serve the purpose of forming a team and the unhappiness of the team members can lead to inefficient functioning. The increase of cost in hospitals will also result if there is lack of proper communication between the professionals like doctors, nurses and staff and also if they are not coordinated well. The roles played by nurses in the interprofessional teams are fast evolving. The importance of specialist skills for nurses is now recognized and new role have come up. Nurse Practitioner is an example of such a new role and they possess skill and knowledge in conducting therapy, and prescribing medications for patients who have psychiatric disorders or substance abuse problems. They are licensed to provide emergency psychiatric services, psychosocial and physical assessment of their patients, treatment plans, and manage patient care. While working in an interprofessional team, there is an increased chance of conflict between the team members regarding the superiority in the team. The truth is everyone is equal while working in a team and nobody should themselves subordinate to anyone. But sometimes the nurses and their opinions are ignored in an interprofessional team. Such events makes them reluctant to be a part of such teams (Martin Rogers, 2004). Task shifting is a common practice among the professionals now days (Reeves et.al, 2010). This would help the traditional professionals to relieve of their heavy workload. The nursing practitioners and physician assistants are such roles (Hooker McCaig, 2001). The multiplicative effects model of interprofessional working views it more than the sum of its parts. Here the synergy obtained from such work is described (Leathard, 1994). According to this model, interprofessional working improves the contributions of individual team members and thus will help in the overall development of team. Decision making is an essential in ingradient of all teams; it measures the efficiency of the group. Decision making in case of an interprofessional team also play key role deciding its service delivery process. The usual situation that happens in such teams is the unavailability of proper team leader and also reaching at a common consensus. The decision taken in team has the idea input all the members that needs to driven well in one direction for increasing effectiveness of the work the team does. Most of the important decisions concerning the activities of the team are taken mostly by the Doctors, or the medical staff in an inter professional team in hospitals. Solving important problems and resolving conflicts are the aims of masking decisions (Neil, 1978). There are a few hindrances for nurses to be part of interprofessional teams. The health care sector has shortages or less number of nurses, and those nurses who are available have increased amount of work. As a result of which there is a limitation in case of inter professional support and collaboration (Mckay Crippen, 2008). Another barrier that can be highlighted is the disinterest on the part of other departments to participate and actively involve in the team and work together. The culture and hierarchy of the organization also plays a role in the formation of teams in the organization. According to Henneman.et.al (1995) Collaboration involves a partnership characterized by mutual goals and commitments in which participants willingly become involved in planning and decision making. Henneman.et.al (1995) also proposed that collaboration is a process by which members of various disciplines (or agencies) share their expertise. Accomplishing this requires these individuals understand and appreciate what it is that they contribute to the whole. Many authors have suggested ways to make the intercollaboration more effective. According to Fullan (1993), effective collaborations operate in the world of ideas, examining existing practices critically, seeking better alternatives and working hard together at bringing about improvements and assessing their worth. According to Garner (1995) and Hoeman (1996), it should be by means of collaborative communication rather than shared communication that the interprofessional team approach evolves. Efforts were made from the part of many authors for increasing the literature on interprofessional education for health professional students. But Cooper, Carlisle, Gibbs, and Watkins (2001) pointed out this literature to be diverse including a relatively small amount of research data and much larger amounts of evaluation literature. There were almost thirty works done on interprofessional education and all of them aimed to increase the level of co-operation and understanding between the members in interprofessional teams as well as to encourage a high quality care for the patients. In olden times, the physical space for planning, decision making or joint activities in collaboration were all the same. It is because there were no medium for communicating from long distances. This kind of format was explained by Laungani in 1999 and Molyneux in 2001. The boom in information technology resulted in new approaches in this field. The use of email, video-conferencing, internet etc. have given a new look to interprofessional collaboration. Technology has resulted in an enhanced learning process as well increased the effectiveness of intercollaboration (Leathard 2003). The recent trends in inter-professionalism have acknowledged the need for marshalling the teams so that the members can work together sharing their thoughts in decision making, a mutual exchange of knowledge through teaching and learning, communication incorporated among the professionals and a finely tuned focus on involving the family of the patients into the process. Also there is an increasing identification of the necessity for interprofesional education for potential health care professionals. Another advancement that has happened in the interprofessional working groups is application of Lewins theory. This theory emphasize on the areas related to an individuals behavior and states that any change in rules would have an effect over the individual behavior (Ephross Vassil, 2005). This way the common issue of stereotyping that occurs in interprofessional working can be lessened. The development theory that was popular until now considered individual behavior as consistent. Both these theories are essential. I will be working for the betterment of the service provided to a patient using the things I learned. Working in an interprofessional team has made me get involved with the Doctors and other professional in the field and has helped to build a strategy that elevates the level of service rendering process. As a nurse am able to act in the right way a right direction in case of any emergency and otherwise. From now I will be able to put into practise the concept I learned. I am using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle for the case analysis. Reflective learning can be defined as an intentional process, where social context and experience are acknowledged, in which clients are active individuals, wholly present, engaging with others, and open to challenge, and the outcome involves transformation as well as improvement for both individuals and their organization (Brockbank, McGill and Beech, 2002:6). In the Gibbs Reflective Cycle, there are six components that help to gain knowledge from previous experiences. Gibbs (1988) have proposed about reflective learning that To reflect is not enough, you then have to put into practice the learning and new understanding you have gained therefore allowing the reflective process to inform your practice. The six components of Gibbs Reflective Cycle are: Description of the event- In this stage, one has to write down an abridged version of event that needs to be reflected upon. Hence it is important to get the maximum details about the event and in as objective way as u can in this stage. The answers to the following questions would help you here: Where were you? Who else was there? Why were you there? What were you doing there? What were other people doing? What had actually happened? What was the end result? The above questions would help in acquiring the relevant details about the event and summarize them. Feelings- Here you try to recall and explore the issues related to the event. These issues may be either ones that caused happiness or those which created dissatisfaction or grief in the mind of individual. Hence this is mainly concerned with the feelings of the person. Some relevant questions for this stage are: What was your feeling when the event started? What were your thoughts at that time? What do you feel about other peoples reactions? How did you feel about the result of the event? Enlist your emotions during this event. Hence all these questions are related to the feelings of the individual. Evaluation- In this stage, the event is evaluated based upon a pre-determined standard. After the evaluation, the event is given some value. Hence the following questions would be useful at this stage: What was it that made the experience a good one? What was bad about the experience? Analysis- In this stage, the event is broken down into small parts thus making it easier for exploration and judgment. The questions that may be useful here are: What made the event a success? What was it that you did well? What was it that other members did well? What went wrong? What you did that was wrong? What was the contribution of other members into this failure? Conclusion- This is the stage where you make the final judgment. After the evaluation and analysis, the individual would be quite aware about his own as well as other members contribution to the outcome of event. Thus the individual gains the ability to reflect upon his work from the past experiences. And this is what is called reflective learning. Hence the individual will become aware of his strengths and weak points and also learn about the abilities of other people. Action Plan- In this stage, the individual will think about his actions in the recurrence of similar event. He will decide about what he will be doing in such a case- Will his actions change? Will it be similar to before? Conclusion Finally the study focused through the Gibbs Reflective Cycle and it stated that in any sector especially the health care there is an elementary requirement of having an inter professional team. The study discussed about the importance of the reflection in the nursing practices as well as it application in daily routine. The team all ways will help in providing superior service since the decisions are taken as a team and under common grounds. Moreover, the inter-professional practices could vary more positive attitudes towards the team as well as within the social and health care.

International organizations Essay

Introduction. The World Bank has been at the forefront in eradicating poverty among nations as well as supporting or maintaining sustainable development. It has carried out numerous projects to this regard. Establishment of the projects effectiveness is however an important steps to monitor if the objectives of the plan are actually met. Monitoring the projects should start right after the project commences. Background. The World Bank was formally established in December 27 1945 after the ratification of the Breton words agreement. The main aim of its establishment was to prevent any re-emergence of the economic depression as had occurred in the 1930’s. It is a bank that offers loans to developing countries to fund development projects or programs in trying to attain the goal of reducing poverty. It also offers loans to developed countries who it has prior scrutinized for creditworthiness. The World Bank was to ensure that the markets forces were let to operate without government interferences. It would assist in the reconstruction and development of nations. The interests gained are used to assist the developing countries. Its headquarters are in Washington D. C and its activities are aimed to reducing global poverty, implementing sustainable development and focusing on the achievement of millennium development goals and goals calling for the elimination of poverty. The constituent parts of the World Bank are IBRD and the IDA (International Development Association) which achieve their aims through provision of low or no interest grants to countries with little or no access to international credit markets as a way of empowering them. (McGee et al, 109) The bank operates as a market based non profit organization whereby it uses its high credit rating to make up for low interest rates of loans. The bank’s mission is to aid or assist developing countries and their inhabitants to achieve the MDG’s (Millennium Development Goals) by alleviating poverty, developing an environment for investment, job creation and sustaining growth. Promoting economical growth as well as investing in empowerment to enable them to participate in development. IDA grants are given for environmental concerns . The World Bank works to solve pollution issues, infrastructures, education, health, governance agriculture and rural development. The World Bank follows certain philosophies which are known as the comprehensive development strategies that are comprehensive and long term. Long term strategies will ensure sustainable development compared to short term ones. Development goals and strategies should be ‘owned’ by the country or based on local stakeholder participation in shaping them. (Robb, 2). Plans should aim at the local peoples’ needs and it should incorporate them in it. Failure to incorporate the locals results to negative impact of programs on the people as they feel neglected and do not understand the aim of the programs. The development performance should be evaluated through measurable results on the ground so that adjustments can be made. Strategies ought to be timely, specific, and measurable. (Woods, 3) Case studies. The Cape Action Plan for the Environment (CAPE) is a 20 year national program to ensure that by 2024 the natural environment of Cape Florist Region (CFR) and the adjacent marine environment will be effectively conserved and restored. When appropriately implemented, it is aimed at delivering significant benefits to the people in a way that will be embraced by the locals, endorsed by the government and recognized internationally. The two main objectives were to ensure that institutions relevant cooperated to develop a foundation for mainstream Cape Florist Region and the conservation of CFR enhancement through piloting and adaptation of sustainable models as well as effective management. For the successful implementation of this program, it must involve the local people right from formulation through implementation of the project. The government ought to support it too and foundation for biodiversity economy ought to be put in place. Priority sites include the unleashed protected areas. The program is delicate and it entails a great concentration of threatened plant species in the world. The protected area does not adequately protect biodiversity and this is the reason behind some environmentalist arguing that the progress or methodologies used by the World Bank program are not satisfactory. Approximately 95% of protected land is in the mountain habitats with only 4. 5% of the original extent on lowland. The reserves do not adequately sustain the ecological and evolutionary processes that are essential for the long term persistence of the CFR’s diverse plant population. Functional riparian ecosystems migration corridors and natural fire cycles are some examples of such processes. The government also decreased its funding thus affecting the programs success. Institutional support which entails the government’s support of the program both materially and legally is crucial in the success of such a program. Proper management will call for more funding it its going to be successful. With reduced government funding the staff training, environmental education and program control of alien vegetation are negatively affected. Fewer funds affect the implementation of the conservation measures and the positive effects that would have resulted are not attained. Limited financial resources made it hard to meet the costs of new and protected areas. Lack of commitment by the key agencies to the project worked for the failure of the project. The program causes threat on land transformation where urban population will increase as more people leave the lands for cultivation. It is always argued that change of land use from traditional agricultural use to conservation of land use can be regarded as a retrogressive approach for agriculture development. Trees could be cut in the process and this could lead to destructive effects on the climate causing concerns by the environmentalist. Tree form a very important in carbon control in the atmosphere. They work to reducing the effects of global warming, an international concern that affects global climate. In fact the urban growth in Cape Town is 2% per year. The ecosystem risks facing degradation due to invasive alien species. Approximately 43% of the Cape peninsula is covered in alien vegetation and thus poses a great risk of the estimated 750 species of plants facing extinction. The institution failed in disseminating coordinated information on the CFR biodiversity. Not sharing relevant information by agencies led to ineffective conservation planning. The fragmented legal institutional frameworks saw the natural habitat protection jeopardized. Again with a few qualified human resources the conservation was negatively inclined. Increased funding will see a great improvement in the training exercise. Lack of public involvement in the conservation will result to outright reduction in the conservation procedures. Lack of private involvement in the conservation process worsens the situation. Environmental education program reduce and representation of people in the conservation activities will be reduced and this will lead to ineffective in conservation. (Covey, 87)

The United States Wealth Inequality Gap - 1369 Words

The number of children who are living in poverty have decreased for the first time in almost ten years. The Census Bureau reported a 0.5 percent decrease of Americans living in poverty from 2012 to 2013. Poverty is among the country’s contemporary social problems in the Twenty-First Century. According to the Census Bureau, 45.3 million people were categorized as living in poverty in 2013. To address contemporary social problems like poverty, one must take an in depth look at the reasons why there are so many people dealing with poverty and the challenges that arise from trying to escape it. The United States wealth inequality gap is one of the largest gaps in the world. According to the article Causes of Poverty by Anup Shah, â€Å" Almost†¦show more content†¦Poverty began by the oppressing powerful inhabitants creating trades in which the non-powerful inhabitants could not benefit. Even before currency, when barter was the main median of exchange, those who could hunt or gather better than others were the ones who survived. Their mentality of obtaining the most and buying the most stuck. They became the ones with the most currency and eventually their descendants obtained this â€Å"gene† of always wanting more. Scientists have debated if poverty is genetic and if there is some sort of characteristic that a person has that could influence their want for riches or desire to accumulate more currency. According to the University of Chicago Press, â€Å" there is a causal effect of genetic diversity on economic success, positing that too much or too little genetic diversity constrains development.† They believe that â€Å"the level of genetic diversity (heterozygosity) present in a population causes long-lasting effects on economic development.† They argue that if there is more genetic diversity in a population, there can be uneven distribution of economic development. Authors Quamrul Ashraf and Oded Galor of Brown Universit y believe that high levels of genetic heterozygosity increase â€Å"the likelihood of incoordination, distrust, and reduces cooperation and disrupts the socio-economic order. Greater population diversity is thus interpreted as being associated with lower

Does God Exist - 1483 Words

Does God Exist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasons God chose to make the world as it is today, also including examples from life and the movies we watched in class. St. Thomas Aquinas had many arguments for the existence of God and one of those was the fifth way. In the argument of the fifth†¦show more content†¦To exist in reality is greater than existing in the mind (idea). Therefore God, being that which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality. All his premises support his conclusion, creating a valid and sound argument proving that God must exist. The atheist William Rowe uses an argument called the problem of evil that tries to prove the nonexistence of God’s however I can dismiss said argument. The problem of evil is the argument that an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God would not allow any—or certain kinds of—evil or suffering to occur. The problem of evil contends that some known fact about evil is evidence against the existence of God. This objection is typically raised against the Christian faith. The Bible describes God as a god of love (1 John 4:16) and an all powerful god (Jeremiah 32:17). The rationale behind this objection is, quite simply, if God is a loving god then he wouldnt want mankind to suffer and if he is an all powerful god then he would have the means to stop suffering. Therefore, the rationale follows, God cannot be both loving and all powerful and so the Christian premise must be wrong. However, this is, in fact, an oversimplification of Christian theology. The Bible itself acknowledges the existence of suffering and even suggests that suffering brings benefits: In Romans 8:17 it is said that â€Å"We are heirs – heirs of God and co-heirs with Christ, if indeed we share in his sufferings in order that we may alsoShow MoreRelatedDoes God Exist?1074 Words   |  5 PagesDoes God Exist ? 1. What role do arguments play in answering this question? I think arguments have played an important role in analyzing and understanding the depth of this question, for mankind. Although the question itself seems factual (either it does or it doesn t), yet no arguments have been able to answer this question conclusively, despite many debates going on for centuries. 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Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pages Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to Gods existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. The question for Gods existence is really important. Does God exist? Theology, cosmological, teleological and ontological arguments are all have ways to prove the existence of God. With all of these great arguments how can one deny that there is a God. There is a God and with these reasons I will proveRead MoreDoes God Exist? Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesDoes God exist? The question of Gods existence is a perplexing one, the only evidence we have of God is what we are told from those who worship him, and unknowns can be debated logically if a higher being is in control. It has been written that in the beginning there was man and there was woman, and God put the two together to create a new race of beings. 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I will show that there is no sufficient proof or comprehensive arguments for the existence of God. Some people search for eternal peace through the beliefs in God; but this is an impossible belief because of the chances, the plausibility, and because of science. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS God generally refers to one supreme, holy, personal being,. The