Analyzing the Tragedy of Dr. Faustus

Alfonso Villarreal Mrs. Bohn World Literature Honors April 9, 2012 Analyzing the Tragedy of Dr. Faustus The struggle between good and evil is arguably the most significant theme in the play. This struggle is most evident within the main character Faustus. He is torn and undecided about whether or not he should repent for sinning and return to God or follow through with the contract he signed with Lucifer. His internal struggle lasts almost the entire play, as part of him wants to be good serving God while the other part seeks the power Mephastophilis promises. Metaphastophilis himself has mixed motives and symbolizes this theme.On one hand he pursues Faustus’ soul, intending to carry it to hell while on the other he persuades Faustus to reject the contract because of the horrors he would encounter in hell. This theme, mostly existing within Faustus, provides interest and intrigue as to wonder if whether or not the highly intellectual doctor will finally come to his senses and repent. The play would be significantly less enjoyable if it followed a less interesting man, a man who morally feels no regret in giving up any chance of a positive afterlife for temporary powers. This indecision within Faustus also provides the central drama of the play.The struggle between good and evil is best symbolized by the Good and Evil Angels. Each angel struggled to pull Faustus towards its side as Faustus himself struggled between his human reason or logic and his lustful desire for power. Good and evil battle once more when Faustus encounters the Old Man in the final scene. The Old Man is another symbol which replaces the Good and Evil Angels from earlier scenes. He persuades Faustus to repent and renounce his powers while it’s not too late. Marlowe uses mythological allusions in a rather clever way in this particular work.They provide the audience with a more interesting play and extends the limits of the play’s subject if even slightly. One of the most s ignificant allusions was one performed in Faustus’ visit to Charles V’s court. Charles V pleads Faustus to perform sorcery for him, an allusion of Alexander the Great and his lover. Faustus performs a simple trick and Alexander suddenly appears before the emperor’s eyes. The purpose of this allusion is to show another great feat performed by Faustus and one that certainly brings interest to one of the most powerful men in the world.Marlowe was in some aspects a Renaissance writer and his work was a product of the age. He uses these allusions in the play to illuminate the transition between old beliefs and new ideas and knowledge. This transition served as one of the essential elements in the movement and Marlowe applies it with ease in his great work. â€Å"What art thou, Faustus, but a man condemned to die? † (IV, v, 25) The quote above addresses many essential aspects of the play. One of these aspects is the struggle between good and evil, a theme repre sented most by Faustus and his indecision. This quote indicates this theme of the play more than any other.Yes, Faustus is speaking his most troubled thoughts. What is he if not a fool who sold his soul for a temporary power only to perish in an eternal fire? Again it is evident that he struggles with his two most important principles, his lust for power and his reason. He ponders whether or not he made the right choice. The fact that he even struggles with this is ironic at the very least. One of the most intelligent men of his time is too blind to see the horror in Hell. This quote is also significant in that it represents his tragic fall as his corrupt morality prevents him from repenting in time and ultimately dooms him to an eternity in Hell.

Envy is a Sin

As all emotions, envy is socially constructed. Individual interaction, class variation and social institutions like schools, family, religion, and politics define envy for us. Envy is dependent on the beliefs about wealth, status, power, and how they ought to be distributed. In less complex societies envious objects are food, babies, and health; but in more complex societies they are wealth, status, and power. Envy, which is often mislabeled as jealousy, is hostility towards superiors. In an unequal situation, or comparison the envious has, not a mere wish, but a malicious wish that the other would lose his advantage (Foster, 1972:167). Though condemned in all cultures and repressed in nearly every individual, envy has a function in society. Schoeck points out that envy is almost a taboo-topic in daily conversation, in research, and in literature. This condemning and repression is what allows envy to work. Envy in excess of that minimum is a surplus, which can do more harm than good (Schoeck, 1970:348). In societies where envy is high productivity is low and where envy is low productivity is high. Envy is our drive for innovation and competition, though if not controlled causes poverty and revolutions. Management of envy is key to social order. In order to minimize envy we must always rationalize our inequalities through modest statements such as; â€Å"Luck†, â€Å"God†s will†, and â€Å"hard work†, which date back through the history of the Greeks, Roman Catholic Church, and the Protestant Work Ethic. Although possibly the rich are wealth addicts, thriving on the envy of others, and the rest are all closet addicts fooled into believing that they will one day be rich too (Slater, 1980:16).

A Vine on the House

The words Mr. Harding expressed and the reality of the situation were two complete opposites. He kept a secret of his wife’s â€Å"disappearance† and also picked up everything and left, leaving no signs behind, leading to believe he was very secretive and suspicious. Secrets are kept in every household, things that could kill if it was leaked. I feel like the writer’s purpose was to keep the reader guessing and inferring. This story could also be an account of his life and a cry for help. Mr. Bierce grew up in a troubled family. His two sons died early on and he found out about his wife’s infidelity. This could be his way of plotting revenge on his wife. It is a cry for help because he mentions Mr. Harding disappearing, which is exactly what Bierce did a few years later. The intended audience is for those who enjoy getting goose bumps, those who seek a thrill and love being kept in the dark. It is not however for the uneasy sleeper. The main theme of this story and connection on a universal level is that in every family, there is a fair share of secrets. Everyone can relate to this one way or another because we all have issues we wished no one would find out. The Harding family as a whole must’ve had a few problems of their own. A family doesn’t just all of a sudden fall apart. It takes time to disintegrate. In the story, like in real life, it shows that there are unhappy couples out there, ones who have stopped loving each other and instead find pleasure in hurting their significant other. The Harding family is just one example of a relationship that is unhealthy, both physically and emotionally. The author has quite a few tricks up his sleeves to grasp the reader’s attention. First of all, Mr. Bierce is an expert in the suspense category. He keeps readers guessing and wondering what will happen next. For example, Mr. Harding mentions his wife went to â€Å"visit relatives† but his tone of voice allowed no further questioning. This makes me curious because he seems like he’s hiding a dark secret. He also later on flees the country, which gathers even more curiosity. Mr. Bierce describes the â€Å"haunted house† as not actually haunted, making me wonder what truly happened for it to deserve such a title. He also pulls in elements from his life. This story is loosely based on his own family matters. He could also be a â€Å"revenge† for finding out about his wife’s sinful actions. A Vine on the House has supernatural aspects but because the events were pulled from his life, it makes the story seem more realistic and feel like it could potentially be a true story. Another aspect that I enjoyed was that, yes this story is gothic, but the gothic elements were all very subtle and mind boggling but not gory. There was no mentions of diseases, a small brush on incense and only one inferred death. This gives the story a different twist to the normal classical gothic tales. The author uses foreshadowing well. He describes Mrs. Harding in detail and left her disappearance very shocking and sudden leading to her inferred murder by her husband. He also described the wine along the house as a sign of the supernatural that was partly concealed, which indicated before hand that something out of the ordinary was going to happen. These are all red flags, leading to the discovery of the vine’s unnatural root formation. I enjoyed this short story very much. It was intriguing and kept me on my toes at all times. I enjoyed the suspense and the feeling of wanting to know what happens next. The one part that I was disappointed in was that I found the part where people were witnessing the phenomenon of the tree dragged on for a long time. My interest was lost during that time. However, I really enjoyed the idea that things are never what they appear to be and words spoken could just be a slur of lies. I find that this is completely true in today’s society. People don’t always show their true colours. The part I love was the cliff-hanger ending. It makes me wonder, could this all be a coincidence or could it truly happen in real life? If it could, then it was surely explain the phenomenon of a shaking leaf on a still tree. A Vine on the House The words Mr. Harding expressed and the reality of the situation were two complete opposites. He kept a secret of his wife’s â€Å"disappearance† and also picked up everything and left, leaving no signs behind, leading to believe he was very secretive and suspicious. Secrets are kept in every household, things that could kill if it was leaked. I feel like the writer’s purpose was to keep the reader guessing and inferring. This story could also be an account of his life and a cry for help. Mr. Bierce grew up in a troubled family. His two sons died early on and he found out about his wife’s infidelity. This could be his way of plotting revenge on his wife. It is a cry for help because he mentions Mr. Harding disappearing, which is exactly what Bierce did a few years later. The intended audience is for those who enjoy getting goose bumps, those who seek a thrill and love being kept in the dark. It is not however for the uneasy sleeper. The main theme of this story and connection on a universal level is that in every family, there is a fair share of secrets. Everyone can relate to this one way or another because we all have issues we wished no one would find out. The Harding family as a whole must’ve had a few problems of their own. A family doesn’t just all of a sudden fall apart. It takes time to disintegrate. In the story, like in real life, it shows that there are unhappy couples out there, ones who have stopped loving each other and instead find pleasure in hurting their significant other. The Harding family is just one example of a relationship that is unhealthy, both physically and emotionally. The author has quite a few tricks up his sleeves to grasp the reader’s attention. First of all, Mr. Bierce is an expert in the suspense category. He keeps readers guessing and wondering what will happen next. For example, Mr. Harding mentions his wife went to â€Å"visit relatives† but his tone of voice allowed no further questioning. This makes me curious because he seems like he’s hiding a dark secret. He also later on flees the country, which gathers even more curiosity. Mr. Bierce describes the â€Å"haunted house† as not actually haunted, making me wonder what truly happened for it to deserve such a title. He also pulls in elements from his life. This story is loosely based on his own family matters. He could also be a â€Å"revenge† for finding out about his wife’s sinful actions. A Vine on the House has supernatural aspects but because the events were pulled from his life, it makes the story seem more realistic and feel like it could potentially be a true story. Another aspect that I enjoyed was that, yes this story is gothic, but the gothic elements were all very subtle and mind boggling but not gory. There was no mentions of diseases, a small brush on incense and only one inferred death. This gives the story a different twist to the normal classical gothic tales. The author uses foreshadowing well. He describes Mrs. Harding in detail and left her disappearance very shocking and sudden leading to her inferred murder by her husband. He also described the wine along the house as a sign of the supernatural that was partly concealed, which indicated before hand that something out of the ordinary was going to happen. These are all red flags, leading to the discovery of the vine’s unnatural root formation. I enjoyed this short story very much. It was intriguing and kept me on my toes at all times. I enjoyed the suspense and the feeling of wanting to know what happens next. The one part that I was disappointed in was that I found the part where people were witnessing the phenomenon of the tree dragged on for a long time. My interest was lost during that time. However, I really enjoyed the idea that things are never what they appear to be and words spoken could just be a slur of lies. I find that this is completely true in today’s society. People don’t always show their true colours. The part I love was the cliff-hanger ending. It makes me wonder, could this all be a coincidence or could it truly happen in real life? If it could, then it was surely explain the phenomenon of a shaking leaf on a still tree.

Large Corporations managing change,internal change drivers and Research Paper - 1

Large Corporations managing change,internal change drivers and catalysts - Research Paper Example In the organizational context researchers define change as â€Å"necessary way of life in most organizations†1. Again, some other researchers have defined organizational change as â€Å"a relatively enduring alteration of the present state of an organization or its components or interrelationships amongst the component and their differential and integral functions, in totality, in order to attain greater feasibility in the framework of the current and future environment†2. The present study intends to investigate the reasons that compel firms to change, and how companies manage the change process. In this regard, the role of internal change drivers and catalysts is vital. Mills and Mills write in their book Understanding Organizational Change that the operations of a company as well as other organizations are affected by a variety to environmental factors such as leadership change, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, introduction of new products, industrial disputes, political and legal climate, changing consumer preferences and technology3. Change is the only thing constant in the environment and is taking place every day. However, when we refer to organizational change, we are specifically referring to change that has significant impact how employees think about their organization and the changes they need to make in their work to cope with it. Organizational Change is thus referred to as a change in the core aspect of a company’s operations. It has been determined with the previous discussion that for organizations change is not merely inevitable but to a great extent essential for survival. However this does not automatically imply that people would be readily accepting the change. The truth is that changing an established behavior makes people uncomfortable, and the result is resistance4. Implementing change is a very challenging task. The unfamiliar makes the employees suspicious; it is their natural concern

Ethical Perspectives Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay

Ethical Perspectives Cross Cultural Perspectives - Essay Example This includes handling the customers and the services offered by the workers. Culture, however small and ineffective the fact may look like, determines a lot the success of the company (Alice, 2012). This essay focuses the idea of the culture of Wal-Mart store and how its culture has affected the company. Ethics are the upright wellbeing and undertakings of the company. Ethics and social responsibility, also plays a major role in shaping the general business. The essay also addresses the issue of ethics and social responsibility and what is to be done so as to improve the services of Wal-Mart stores. Wal-Mart operates in several countries outside United States. The road in establishing their stores in other countries have not been that smooth. The main reason behind this is due to the cultural conflict with other countries. Wal-Mart is a company based in the United States and the manner in which they conduct their services and the kind of products sold is mainly determined by homeland cultures. When the company ventures in external markets or other countries, it is faced with cultural conflict where the cultures are conflicting. Customers from other countries view the operations from Wal-Mart as inferior to theirs and hence the company loses market from the customers thus reducing the company’s profits and product management (Alice, 2012). It is as well correct to say that Wal-Mart is aggressive in searching for markets for its products and services. When they tried to venture into the Argentina market, the company did not succeed because of its culture. The people of Arg entina did not embrace their products due to conflicting cultures. Wal-Mart also has a culture of exploiting the middle class and enhances gender inequality. In Germany for example, international employees are paid more than the local employees, a situation that lead to the loss of a lot of workers. The cultural issues within the organization also determine the success

Equality for animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equality for animals - Essay Example The principle of equality can be considered as one of the major concepts used by Singer in his article i.e. ‘equality for animals’. The concept was supported with different notions which define that the term equality should encompass the practice of a clear understanding of the nature along with its principles concerning equal consideration of interests. Moreover, Singer has also mentioned that the concept of principle of equality denotes that individual concerns for others should be prioritized equally irrespective of their ability or what they are like. Singer has also used the concept of ‘speciesism’ which significantly depicts the notion of different values and rights to each individual in accordance with their species membership. The concept generally is termed by the advocates who are intended to protect animal rights. According to the author, the concept of speciesism is often referred as similar to prejudice which is certainly akin to the term racism . Therefore, the argument concerning speciesism mentioned by Singer has been found to be somewhat vague or ambiguous. This is because the author did not explicitly highlight the appropriate meaning of the term. In relation to euphemisms and code words and double-speak, the author used the phrase â€Å"a matter for old ladies in tennis shoes to worry about† which concealed his feeling in terms of the need for the welfare of animals. With regard to emotive language, the author used the word ‘horrifying’ to express his feelings. In relation to hypostatization, the author has highlighted that the animals are generally treated as distinct beings. Additionally, the author has also observed to use other terms including self-consciousness and human ethics that significantly portray the principle of equality in the nonhuman animals’ perspective. In this regard, the concept of self-consciousness was focused on the article to promote the equality for nonhuman animals through arguing that they also possess adequate rights to independently accomplish their interests. In the context of ethics, it has been observed that the author has focused on significant principles of equally by prioritizing each living creature. According to Singer, the origin of ethics significantly involves a tacit relation between the human beings on behalf of their mutual benefits which is certainly reasonable (Singer 55-69). 1.2 Portray the Basic Argument Structure in the Passage: With reference to the article, it is often observed that the article intended to reflect the brutal scenario faced by the nonhuman animals in the present globalized world. In this regard, Singer had mentioned various arguments with different types of examples from dissimilar grounds. However, the articles have also been witnessed to portray improper justification of the principles associated with equality of each living creature. The integration of dissimilar examples from different scenarios has also been witnessed within the passage which represented various unclear demonstrations relating to the main concept of the topic. Accordingly the concept of defending the equality for nonhuman animals, it has further been observed to include various dissimilar demonstrations which significantly concealed the actual theme of the issue. Although the author has further recognized to integrate undeniable

Concreate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concreate - Assignment Example The study also takes into consideration, the different types of Portland cement from type I to V. In the concrete mix preparation, the strength and consistency of the concrete will be measured. This will enable the engineers to do necessary adjustments to regularize the range of strengths and elasticity. From the observations made in the general properties of the concrete mix, it is necessary to take note of the troweling feasibility of using the concrete. In order to ascertain determine whether the troweling is workable or not, the property test will require working with a trowel on the concrete. The quality of the concrete is measured by how smooth it was to work on it. If it requires so much strength to work on then the trowel workability is troubled, and will be assigned either fair or poor rating. The concrete is produced in different layers, each layer containing unique composition of materials. The third layer is overfilled for the sake of consolidation. The final stage is to finishing the upper layer using the tamping rod as well as the trowel to smoothen it. This is then followed by covering the upper layer to ensure there is no evaporation. Temperature and moisture require careful treatment and observation since they directly affect the strength of the concrete. Before com pressing and testing the concrete, one has to take the measurement of the radius and the diameter of concrete using calipers. The cylindrical concrete is measured in the middle at 4 points on its circumference. Just prior to the testing and compression, the engineers cap each end of the concrete to allow uniform spread of weight when a load is applied to it. Concretes are made into different shapes and compression failure modes to strengthen them. The shapes include full shear, splitting (columnar), shear cone, cone splitting and local shear wedge. The variables to

Literacy and First Graders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literacy and First Graders - Essay Example Looking at literacy and reading readiness at the academic and scholastic level, it is much easier to see the current issues and concerns in literature. Pre-reading skills are already considered to be of the most important in children learning to read quickly and successfully. These skills include, but are not limited to sight awareness of letters and common words, phonemic awareness, basic comprehension, writing skills, vocabulary, and word attack skills. Sight awareness suggests that children can fully recognize all letters in both lower and uppercase forms, and are able to recognize simple and common words (the, at, apple) regularly, with no assistance. This is perhaps the most crucial of all pre-reading skills, since children use this base to build vocabulary. Phonemic awareness is a child's understanding of what sounds a letter or a pair of letters makes, and how it can change from situation to situation. This recognition makes it possible for children to link a written and a spoken word in their mind. Basic comprehension deals with a child understanding what they have read or had read to them, and able to discuss what they hav e just read or heard. Basic comprehension skills are essential for successful readers, since it is not the ability to read a word, rather the ability to understand the word that is being tested. Writing skills are considered pre-reading skills, since they help children develop a physical understanding of how words are formed, and how letters are formed. Along with basic comprehension, writing is used to determine a child's literacy rate, rather than necessarily improve their ability to read. While increased reading has been proven to improve writing skills, there have been no recent studies suggesting that the opposite is true. Vocabulary is the words that a child knows, which help them to decode words that they are unfamiliar with. The greater a child's vocabulary, the greater chance they have of being successful in understanding a new word or idea. Vocabulary is built both through successful reading skills, and through comprehension of stories both read by the child and read to th e child. Finally, word attack skills are the child's ability to look at a word and to successfully decipher its' meaning, in the context in which it has been presented. The more willing to attack a word a child is, the greater chance they have of succeeding. These skills are all necessary pre-reading skills, and are presented in Tivnan and Hemphill's 2005 study of literacy programs in high poverty areas. By looking at children from high poverty areas, and from minority groups, it is clear that literacy is still a primary concern for the educational community. Children from low socioeconomic classes, particularly those from minority families, are at risk for developing poor literacy skills. These children enter school with less early literacy training, and are more likely to leave elementary school with an inadequate ability to read (Tivnan and Hemphill, 2005). Clearly, early introduction to pre-reading skills and literacy campaigns makes a significant difference in children's ability to excel at the reading task. Children from poor

Action Research - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action Research - - Assignment Example I have gained confidence while in class. I find duty delegation to be one of my strongholds in managing students. I have constantly built on this vice without considering the credibility of my objectives. However, some of my classes have been affected by late arrival of students, murmuring among students and absenteeism. In my career as a teacher, I am perplexed by fact that teachers are expected to effectively manage classroom arrangement which is independent of good student behavior but due to poor planning. Classroom arrangement requires that the teacher observe all the students at ago and monitor their behavior and work. It also demands that teacher must see the door while in his or her desk. Furthermore, teachers should make sure that frequently used areas are easily accessible and unobstructed. In addition, common classroom materials such as student reference materials and attendance pads should be availed. As if to make it worse, the students should be able to see the teacher without movement and undue turning. Furthermore, setting the expectation of students and periodically talking to them is very difficult. In addition, monitoring the degree by which students comply with school rules and regulations is one of the irritating outcomes as a teacher. The use of teacher led instructions and explaining school wide regulations is a source of irritation. What can I do about it? Again and again I get angry about the fact that students are held accountable for their performance and work. In addition, I get angry by the fact that focus of students is centered on academic purpose while learning is considered as the core purpose of students’ effort. As a teacher, if there is disruptive behavior like fighting, possession of drugs continuous lesson interruption stealing in my class and later actions taken in accordance to the school rules and

Seminar in Macroeconomic Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Seminar in Macroeconomic Theory - Assignment Example Fund raised will be used to cover the allocation the health sector that is a principal consumer of the federal budgetary provisions. Another strategy will involve the Congress amending the constitution to include a provision requiring the federal government to prepare a balanced budget. While trying to promote a more balanced budget through constitutional amendments, it is critical note that poorly crafted changes can trigger instances of economic instability. Any draft amendment should have an element of limited flexibility catering for emergency situations like a recession. As a measure, the federal government ought to encourage the establishment and registration of businesses in the USA. This will put the USA federal government in a better position to grows revenue to support its ever increasing expenditure. Homegrown companies should be encouraged to base their manufacturing firm within the states instead of operating their factories oversee. This will reduce the level of economic unemployment and the government will in turn reap in the form of more taxes. The federal government has an obligation of controlling to control its borrowing. Borrowing increases the government obligation in the form of the interest payable on these loans. The defense department and the intelligence department have been conveniently decreased measure to reduce the cost incurred in many operations conducted by these departments. The wars in Middle East and international missions are the cause of the high expenditures here; these can be reduced to manageable levels. Additionally there is a proposition that allows the government to repay the debt in an effort to reduce amounts paid periodically as interests on these loans. Observing the total amount payable towards settling the entire National Debt, it is evident that the accumulative interest is very high, and it siphons the nation’s resources and contributing to the greater budget deficit. Therefore, proposed that the

Adam Revo Relaunch Essay Example for Free

Adam Revo Relaunch Essay First of all we would like to Thank ALMIGHTY, Who is the source of all our knowledge and wisdom. Then we would particularly like to thank our respected instructor Mr. Yasir Ali Somro for providing us the opportunity to look into various aspects of Marketing. His teaching is very informative and beneficial for us in future. He has been very helpful to us in making the project and in gaining further knowledge. Then thanks to our Parents, Friends and Colleagues in making of this project. Moreover we are thankful to all our group members who have coordinated and cooperated in the making of this report. 1. Company Description The group was initiated by Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood (1880-1948) who also played a vibrant role in the birth of the state of Pakistan by acting as a financial advisor and supporter to Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah-the founding father of Pakistan. Sir Adamjees role as advisor gave birth to various economic institutions; the Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB), Orient Airways, and the Morning Star newspaper. These were primarily established at the behest of Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah to win support of Muslims of Pakistan and facilitate them in migration to Pakistan during the partition of India in August 1947. Adam Motor Co., an assembler of Chinese SUVs and pickup trucks in Pakistan introduced an indigenous automobile Called the Revo. It is a 3576 mm long hatchback, powered by either a 800 cc or a 1051 cc petrol engine, sourced from Wuling in China. Otherwise the car is built from local parts. Adam Revo was a city car made by the now defunct Adam Motor Company of Pakistan. It was the first car to be designed assembled in Pakistan. The Revo is being assembled at a plant in Karachi owned by Adam Motors. And the engine and transmission systems have come from China. The company plans to make 5,000units a year 2. Reasons of failure There are some main causes of failure of this project: Political As world is a global village now so foreign brands are easily available in the market. People tend to prefer foreign companies over local companies. If you want to grow your local automotive industry then one must first give tax leverage to this industry to protect their companies or else foreign companies would run the domestic country down to nothing. Lack of Government support Former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz inaugurated Revo’s plant in 2003, Aziz promised Feroz Khan, the maker of Revo, to buy his car for the government as it was the cheapest in the country. Feroz Khan did produce suffice to cater the needs of Government who decided to buy Adam Revo instead of Mehran. The government could have easily bought 5,000-10,000 cars a year but it never fulfilled its promise and that was one of the major reasons why the project collapsed. Lack of funds Due to interest of Prime Minister, Feroz Khan produces enough to carter the Government. When Government never fulfilled its promise, debt pilled up then company had to go bankrupt. There weren’t enough funds left to rejuvenate this company and to pay off its debt. Road grip of tires Tires used were of cheap quality, bumps and surface imperfections in the road results in inevitably reduced grip on the road which leads to a harsh ride. Speed-o-Meter People didn’t like cheap Speed-o-Meter of Adam Revo, which reminds drivers of 19s car. Now days where stylish cars are easily available, people didn’t like buying car which gives them the feel of driving any vintage car so they pay extra just to have car with a bit of pizzas by paying 45-75000 extra. Lower Quality of interior plastic The car wasn’t good enough. The cheap plastic interior and hideous looks were not up to the expectations of the potential buyers of car, who rather preferred a used car than an Adam Revo. No Promotions/Advertising/Marketing plan Effective way of selling your product is to advertise it through Ads, Campaign and promotions. Adam Revo didn’t do its advertising its product; therefore only small part of the total population was aware of Adam Revo, rest still get baffled when asked about Pakistan’s first car Revo. People weren’t aware of Adam Revo how could it have earned profit. 3. Strategic Focus and plan Mission/Vision Adam Motor Company’s mission is to introduce vehicles with maximum indigenization, to price our vehicles most competitively with reliable quality, to realize highest customer satisfaction through 3S facilities, to export and to be a responsible corporate citizen. Goals Pakistani car industry to reach greater heights and eventually compete with larger car companies, within Pakistan and internationally. Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Adam Motors believe that given the right environment and training, their people can be the best in the world. They believe that all their products must contain high indigenization, reliable quality and excellent after sale service Ansoff Matrix Market Penetration: Adam Motors will first try to capture market share by penetrating into market using Market-Penetration Strategy and to compete from well settled companies  like SUZUKI, HONDA, TOYOTA, and CHEVERLOTE excreta. These companies are already offering good cars and have established there names in Automobile industry. To penetrate into market Adam has its advantage of low price. Its biggest competitor is Mehran (cash cow for SUZUKI) in 800cc. Adam still has 70 to 80000 price difference from it. This strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors as there is a demand and the customers are looking for bargains. Adam Revo has an affordable price which can penetrate deep into the market for middle class people. After company increase its market share company can go for Product development strategy while developing new product for potential interest to its current markets. Once company establishes its reputation it can offer a new product in a new market by using diversification strategy. Porter Generic Strategies Cost Leadership When it comes to market Revo, Overall cost leadership Strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors to gain market. Adam Motors is considered to be lowest cost producer within industry. And there advantage over Mehran makes is highly affordable for the middle class people and giving company a competitive advantage over other automobile companies. 4. Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Strength: The only Pakistani manufacturer: The plant can produce up to 7000-10000 cars per year. Adam Revo, Pakistan’s first automobile manufacturing industry having largest manufacturing facilities with an annual production capacity of 70,000 – 10,000 vehicles. The vehicles produced include cars, small vans, Pickups and Cargo vans. With proper management and effective marketing Adam Motor’s Revo can manufacture suffice to carter the demand and can hold more than 50% of Market Share. Low priced car. Adam Motor’s Revo biggest strength is its low price 70,000 to 85,000 cheaper  than Suzuki’s Mehran which makes this car highly affordable. With Government intervention this company can cater enough of the population. Excellence in installation of CNG kits Adam Motors have an enormous experience in the field of CNG/LPG. CNG kits installed in Adam Motors cars make it fuel efficient car with globally acclaimed CNG components installed. Impeccable increase in petrol prices is making implausible for middle class people to afford the overhauling cost of the car. Providing CNG kits will raise the bar for the industry to new greater heights. Weakness: Poor after sale service. After sales services is considered to be and integral part of customer services and a key determinant of customer satisfaction; while this may seem obvious but it’s not often done. Unfortunately, lack of emphasis on after sales services was observed, due to lack of resources and improper after sales services planning. Low Resale Value Revo was the Pakistan’s first car to make out to roads and had to face criticism. As a first company the quality of car and its parts used were not as good as it should have been which cause its unpopularity and its image had to taste dust therefore, when it comes to resale value the owner easily can lose 70,000 or more on selling. Pakistani buyers are cautious buyers who give the vehicle’s resale more importance. Competing in Pakistan only Growing up among some of the world’s biggest company like Honda, Suzuki, and Toyota is really hard job to do. With competitor having better resources, better research facilities and established brand name, it gets hard to compete. Low consumer awareness Since advertising and promotion directly relates to consumer awareness. One of the main reasons Revo didn’t survived was people weren’t aware of the  Revo. Advertising and promotion are useful factors in creating awareness among the consumer. Unfortunately Adam Motors didn’t indulge themselves in of the marketing. Lack of advanced technology. Advanced technology is competitive advantage. Unfortunately Adam Motors don’t posses modern technology which surely is Adam Motors biggest weakness. Adam Motors is competing with companies who posses advanced technology and have moved from traditional fuel cars to hybrid and electric cars. Unattractive structure. Revo looks was a major issue for buyer. It’s resembles to the three-wheeler china van. The shape of the car made it look quite ridiculous and unattractive. Poor material was been used in exterior and interior of the car. Adam Motor’s should have put more thought into the design and quality of the car. Opportunity: Capturing the market of low income people. Pakistan’s major part of population falls under category of middle class, lower middle class and lower class. To capture the people who have low purchasing power company must focus on the affordability of the product. Revo is cheap car even cheaper then Mehran. People with low income can easily afford this car and it’s overhauling expenses. People who have bikes and want a cheap spacious car to enjoy ride with their families can easily afford this fuel-efficient and cheap car. Enter in the market of 1300 cc cars. After getting its market share and reputation, Adam Revo can go for opportunity to capture market with 1300cc car and other models. As the only competitor in producing cheap 1300cc car is Suzuki who have been failed trying different variation in their 1300cc model cars. Large market size to operate. Demand of cheap cars in Pakistan is very high. There’s no second thought to it. Majority of Pakistan’s population belong to classes who can not afford luxurious cars and are interested in cheap, fuel- efficient cars. There is  big market for there car if they plan well and market there product efficiently they can target large market size. Economy of Pakistan. Growing local industry can ultimately benefit economy of Pakistan. Developing good reputation will induce other companies to make investment in Pakistan my doing joint venture production. Export Revo can also give benefit to Pakistan’s economy. Threats: Competitors (Pak Suzuki) Currently Pak Suzuki is largest car assembler and market leader in Pakistan automobile market. Pak Suzuki has more than 60% of the market share. Having effective after sales service and wide spread network of show rooms and EFI technology surely is Adam biggest competitor. Market perception. The perception of consumer of Adam’s Motors is that they provide cheap car with low quality. As long as Revo don’t take steps to induce people that there product are best use of their money, whatever car they come up with will not going to be accepted by the consumer. Load shedding of CNG in Pakistan. Load shedding of CNG is one of the big problems in Pakistan and company like Adam Motor who are totally dependent upon CNG as this is one of the main reason which makes this car overhauling expenses affordable. Sharp Increase in price of Raw Material. Increase in price of everything due to inflation is also a threat e. The cost raw material and labor have also increased which will result in expensive product making it unaffordable for consumer of low income. Ambiguity in political issue. In Pakistan the ambiguity in political issue is very high. Every now and then we get strangled by the strike conducted by different political parties making it very difficult for industry to match the quota. Sometimes even worker don’t come to work which increases the cost of production and delay in delivery. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Offerings It offers Fuel-efficient highly affordable Chinese made engines car which are 10% to 15% cheaper than other local competitors. As demand of cheap cars is so high in Pakistan, providing cheap cars to consumer so could get their needs satisfied. Marketing: The key marketing objective of the company is to become the segment leader in 800 cc market It is the main concern to market the Adam’s Dreamer at an economical price, which would give a competitive edge. To duly anticipate in maintaining quality benchmark by maintaining the efficiency of automobile production unit by continuous research and development program, keeping in view the customer’s needs and a sound distribution system to attain the max of customer satisfaction. Adam Motor intention is to attain an increase in share of the urban population consisting of Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad as well as in rural areas of Pakistan in automobile industry. The duly purpose to attain this target by direct frontal assault on the market and to re-launch the brand on a higher scale to eliminate the resistance from small competitors and taking on competition directly. Personnel/Management Company strives for skilled entities who value time and quality as crucial assets. Finance Manufacturing Research and Development (R D) External Opportunities and Threats Consumer/Social: Today, companies recognize that they cannot appeal to each and every buyer in the market place The reason of this problem is that buyers are too numerous, too widely scattered and too much wearied in their needs and buying practices; therefore, to reach the right person who is definitely a potential customer of your product is very difficult. Competitive: For the newly launched automobile company it is very challenging to get even very small shares of the automobile market when the giants like TOYOTA, SUZUKI etc. are already capturing the major market. Paksitan’s first car Technological Competing with other Economic Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Known for his decisions which helps economy of the country to grow. Providing subsidy to industrial sector will definitely help industry like ADAM COMPANY to grow. This is an opportunity was the company to go for this opportunity. Legal/Regulatory Industry Analysis Competitor Analysis (Porter 5 Forces Model, Defense Strategy, Attack Strategy) Company Analysis Customer Analysis (Segmentation/Targeting) 5. Market-Product Focus Marketing and Product Objectives Target Markets The cars target audience was envisaged to be Pakistans middle class car buyer. The company had planned to export the car in the future to other countries as well. Points of Parity (POP), Points of Difference (POD) Positioning 6. Marketing Program Product Strategy/ Branding Strategy, BCG Matrix Price Strategy: The price of Adams Revo was low as compared with the competitors but the features of the car were not up to the standard of the competitors therefore to compete with the competitors it is essential for the company to change the price in order to change its design to get profits. The increase in price should be less than the competitors price in order to maintain the market reputation of having a low priced car. People were seen to be satisfied with the price of the car, however, the major reasons which caused the car to flop were the low quality, performance style as well as the lack of promotion, therefore it is required by the company to reposition its product and promote it. The repositioning of the product and the promotional advertisement will increase the cost of the car which may result in the increase of prices. The price offer by the company is almost 20% less than its major competitor Suzuki Mehran. The company can afford an increase in price to a level which is less than Mehran in order to reposition its product Promotion Strategy: For repositioning first we will redesign the promotion mix to inform customers about the attributes, features of the Adam’s Dreamer along with its emphasis on life style and technical expertise. Pull strategy will be used for the promotion to build up consumer demand. If the strategy is successful, customers will ask dealers for Dreamer and dealers will ask Adam’s Motors to produce more. Sales promotion is one of the ways to encourage sales of our new Adam’s Dreamer. The company can give discounts on conducting different car fairs or in the exhibitions. They can offer discounts sales to different car rental organizations or the transport departments of different companies, by doing this Dreamer can achieve road presence which can broaden the future sales of Adam’s Dreamer Place (Distribution Strategy): Our market segmentation reveals that The Company’s product Adam’s DREAMER is not for the superior class, that is, upper-upper but also not for the upper-lower class of the country. The Adams Dreamer is basically for the, upper-middle class, Middle class and lower-middle class of the country The smaller areas of the country are the major place for the middle class of society. In order to reach the every middle class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the seller cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer dealership must be in Hyderabad,Sukkar (SINDH) Sialkot, Multan (PUNJAB) Chaman (BALOCHISTAN) Gigot (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA) The semi-urban cities of the country are the major place for the lower-Middle  class of society. In order to reach the every lower class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the small cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer must be in Rohri SINDH Okara, Sahiwal, MianwaliPUNJAB Pasheen BALOCHISTAN Abottabad KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA 7. Implementation Company has a nonexistent demand and Latent demand. As marketing and promotion of Adam Revo was never have attempted. They share a strong need for the product which is cheap and can satisfy there needs but due non marketing strategy people were unaware of the product which causes non existent demand. 8. Evaluation and Control As per the survey done by the general public, the evaluation result was in favor of re-launching the car but there were few amendment needed to be made, for example the interior part and as well as engine including the suspension of the car.

Creating an atmosphere of tension Essay Example for Free

Creating an atmosphere of tension Essay Compare the opening scenes of two film versions of Great Expectations and review how effective they are in creating an atmosphere of tension.  The widely known book Great Expectations by Charles Dickens has many film adaptations, but during this essay I will be concentrating on two particular versions, the 1945 version, directed by David Lean and the 1997 version, directed by Julian Jarrold. During this essay I will be reviewing how effective each of these openings are and comparing them. Camera Angles are clearly the most important factor at creating an atmosphere of tension in the opening of this film. For an audience of today the camera angles and shots, from the later version directed by Julian Jarrold is much more effective at creating tension, as the short, snappy changes between shots such as jump shot to the grave yard, close up on the convicts feet, jump shot, Pips face, jump shot, close up on the convicts feet again etc. This fast action keeps the audience engaged and they always have something to be looking at. Also Julian Jarrold cleverly uses sea gulls for two of the shots, to show that maybe something scary, that cant be shown on screen is happening and also can be compared to Pip trapped by the convict unlike the free, flying birds. This provokes the audience to wonder what might be happening and want to carry on watching to find out. However David Lean doesnt make much use of the Camera angles, and in effect his opening of the film isnt as interesting or engaging. In total David Lean uses about 10 different shots which compared to Julian Jarrold is nothing. But both directors use a similar shot during the opening, David Lean uses a long shot and Julian Jarrold uses a long shot, zooming in on Pip while on the marshes to show the setting of the film and to show how small and vulnerable Pip is. As well as the camera angles and shots the music and sound effects accompanying them play an important role at creating tension. In the opening credits of the earlier version, directed by David Lean, the music accompanying the credits convinces the audience with its happy, jolly, music that the film is going to be exactly how the music sounds, happy, jolly etc. but the actual opening of this film version is the total opposite, portraying a dark miserable opening to the film. Whereas Julian Jarrold in the later version, opens the scene with one long note of eerie, mystical music to set the atmosphere of the film. He also changes the speed in which the music is played, slowing it down in places to suit what may be happening the film. At the start of David Leans version he uses the older Pip to narrate from the book Great Expectations, which is lighted by a spot light, this isnt very effective as it tell the audience that Pip is still alive at the end, leaving some of the suspense out of the scene. David Lean uses a number of sound effects such as bird noises to make the marshes sound wild and tries to create tension by using the creaking of trees and rattling of chains on the convict. As the technology was not as well advanced in 1945 as it is today the sound effects are obviously not as good as the 1997 and this can make the film seem inadequate compared to Julian Jarrolds version. Similar to David Lean, Julian Jarrold uses a wide range of sound effects to show the wildness and desolate marshes, but he also uses sounds such as foot steps and heavy breathing which interrupts the music at times. Although David Lean contradicts the film with the music, he uses the weather effectively to set the atmosphere, using strong wind, that whistles in the vast open marshes, to show how desolate they are. In the later version, Julian Jarrold doesnt use the weather to set the mood, he uses clear blue skies, but he uses the sky to show the time changes, for example, when Pip is running home the sun is setting, to show that it is evening. Both directors have used similar sets for the marshes, flat, desolate areas to convey how small and alone Pip is. David Lean uses quite an open area for the graveyard which isnt that effective. Julian Jarrold however uses a long grassy field which is very enclosed where Pip is being chased toward the graveyard by the convict, which suggests Pip is being hunted like a wild animal. He uses this enclosed space to relate to todays audience. Both directors have chosen to light Pips face, as a sign of good and keep the convicts face dark, as a sign of evil. A c lassic thing that most directors tend to use. Both directors for the cast of the convict have ventured down similar paths. Using well built, ugly, bald and strong man for the role of the convict, that towers over Pip to show how small and venerable he is. The convict wear dark, dirty and ripped cotton clothing, to show that he has had a rough journey and has chains and an iron on his leg to show that he is a escaped convict. On the contrary the directors have chosen almost opposite actors for Pip. David Lean chose a blonde haired, blue eyed baby faced, neat and innocent looking boy, giving the impression he is a polite well behaved boy and Julian Jarrold chose a brown haired boy, with longish messy hair, brown eyes and a rough, rugged, cheeky look about him, to suit todays audience and meet their expectations of a boy of that age, so its easier for them to relate to the film. David Leans Pip wears a scarf, shirt, waist coast and slightly short trousers showing that he is poor and Julian Jarrolds Pip wears short trousers and a sh irt, which is very dirty and ripped. David Lean chooses to stay very close to the script in the book and the script is almost the exact writings from the book. But Julian Jarrold however decided to use none of the script and let the actions speak for themselves, in the whole of the opening only one word is said, which is MUMMY which is said by Pip.  In conclusion both films are effective at creating an atmosphere or tension for each of the targeted audiences. As the version directed by David Lean was made in 1945, people had different interests, so that particular version shown to an audience today may not be that effective as the later version directed by Julian Jarrold.

Effects Of Child Prostitution Young People Essay

Effects Of Child Prostitution Young People Essay Prostitution refers to the act or practice of offering sexual services to another person in return for payment or other favors. Prostitution is illegal in most countries of the world but is still legal in some countries. Different countries treat prostitution and prostitutes differently and the legality of prostitution activities varies from country to country. In some countries, the governments prohibit prostitution and punish all people caught involved in these activities. In other countries, the governments are committed to abolish prostitution. Some allow prostitution but regulate its activities while in some other countries, there is decriminalization of prostitution and people carry out prostitution activities just like any other job. In any of these cases, prostitution is a crime and is associated with other crimes. Like any other form of prostitution, child prostitution is common in the world and children mostly enter into this business because they are forced by circumstance s or people especially their parents or guardians. Child Sex tourism is also common. In this type of tourism, tourists engage minors of the country they visit in sexual activity. People also traffic children across international borders for purposes of sexual exploitation. Both Child trafficking and sex tourism contribute to child prostitution in foreign countries. About 900, 000 children are trafficked across international borders each year and people hold them in brothels or in other places for sexual exploitation. The problem of sex servitude affects both male and female children. People prefer to practice child prostitution in foreign countries for various reasons. Child prostitution is a world problem that requires both national and international attention. Many factors lead to child prostitution in many countries of the world. These include misery, poverty, unemployment of either the child or the parent, human trafficking, dysfunctional family environment, deception, poor education, AIDS scare, drug abuse and addiction, incest, rape, early exposure of children to sexual activities, and internet. Some governments also use child prostitution through sex tourism to promote tourism thus gain foreign exchange. They do this either directly or indirectly. These governments are those that are struggling economically. They usually assume acts of child prostitution and thus allow this evil act to attract more tourists and boost their tourism industry. Internet and child pornography serves as a major marketing tool that promotes child prostitution. People post on websites the experiences about child sex in different places and the costs involved. They also share child pornography through such websites thus encouraging not only child sex tourism b ut also child trafficking for sexual purposes. Poverty ranks high as a major factor that forces children to be prostitutes. This is common in poor countries affected by poor economies and wavering politics. In this situation, voluntarily becomes prostitutes or their parents force them into prostitution to provide financial needs of the family. This is common in most developing countries. Lack of viable sources to support the rising needs of people in these countries makes the children vulnerable to such exploitation. The families in poverty-stricken areas also become easy targets for procurement agents who are seeking for children to sell them into sexual slavery in brothels or various homes in the world. Child labor in poverty-stricken areas also exposes the children to prostitution. When parents or other agents send children to streets to hawk items, they expose their children, especially female children, to sexual harassment and rape. Human trafficking and deception are other factors that cause child prostitution especially in foreign countries. Human trafficking is a criminal activity in which some people purport to send teenagers to foreign countries to work but end up becoming prostitutes in their new destinations. Some brothel owners or procurement agents sometimes deceive parents by paying them money and promising them that their children will work in domestic chores but these children end up in prostitution. The brothel owners control the childs activities and do everything they can to maintain those who help them earn a lot of money. Sometimes hard times hit and these children are deported back to their countries where they continue with their prostitution activities. Dysfunctional family environments also play an important role in forcing children into prostitution. Such children do not get sufficient parental care and wander around looking for places to find solace. Such children end up in night discos and in other places, which expose them to early involvement in sexual activities. In the end, these children end up trading on their own bodies in order to support themselves. Incest and rape generally changes the childrens outlook in life and make some children to give room for prostitution. Some children become rebellious and defiant of the instructions given by their parents and feel independent. They demand for freedom to do what they want with their bodies. This leads most of them into prostitution. Drug abuse by these children also aggravates the problem by subjecting the children to prostitution and making them compromise situations they cannot when they are in their sound mind. Some children also engage in prostitution due to pleasure and continue in it because of the pleasure they derive from these acts. Criminals organize the sex industry in the world and use children in prostitution for their own gain. The demand of young girls and boys in some countries also contributes to the growth of this problem as more children face trafficking to work in foreign countries as sex slaves. The increasing demand of foreign sex in many people aggravates this problem. Some customers also fear sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS and thus engage children in prostitution believing that they are of low risk. Poor law enforcement in other countries also aggravates this problem. Child prostitution is common in virtually all countries of the world. Pimps, brothels and other criminal networks collaborate to traffic about 900, 000 children across borders for sexual exploitation and servitude every year. This is not only the problem of poor countries but it is common even in rich and developed countries. Sex tourism also combines with child trafficking to make this lucrative business of child prostitution to flourish. People usually employ networks of small groups to carry out activities like recruitment, transportation, advertising and retail of trafficked children for the purposes of sex exploitation in foreign countries. These groups often achieve major success because they require little capital to start up and prosecution by the countries involved is relatively rare. The major sources and destinations of sex tourism and child trafficking for sexual exploitation in foreign countries include Thailand, Japan, Israel, China, Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Netherla nds, Nigeria, Italy, Brazil and Ukraine among others. Of these countries, Thailand and Brazil are the leading in perpetuating the business of child prostitution. Even though prostitution and child sex exploitation is illegal in Brazil, from 200, 000 to 2 million children aged between eight and sixteen years are forced into prostitution in this country (Charles, 2010). The children involved in prostitution face many challenges and there are many effects associated with this child prostitution. Mostly, the pimps and brothel operators direct the activities of these children and they do not give them freedom of choice. This makes the children to work against their wishes. They also rarely give these children rest from their work. The pimps also give the children little food and this coupled with the high amount of work they do makes these children weak and sometimes may lead to death of the children. Child prostitution is also economically unsound and causes the child moral and physical harm as well as psychological trauma. Those who use children in prostitution activities usually do not well address their health issues. The children also risk attack from many sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS, syphilis, meningitis, anemia, tuberculosis, and others. This further weakens the health of these children and some lead to their death. Because child prostitution is an illegal business, some brothel owners or pimps fear taking the children to hospitals for treatment or regular checkups. In case they suspect a disease in any of the children, these brothel owners employ quark doctors who sometimes prescribe wrong medication for these children. As a result, the children live with a load of diseases and other health disorders, which give them problems throughout their lives. Such children especially girls are forced to enter into early child bearing and sometimes, family responsibilities. This makes those schooling to drop out of school and thus become less equipped for the labor market (Ringold, 2000). The gi rls used in child prostitution are forces to carry out frequent abortions. Unqualified doctors who also use poor methods and equipment in wrong environments often carry out these abortions. This further endangers the life of the child and deteriorates the childs health. Child prostitution also causes a lot of psychological and emotional stress to the children involved in these practices. Children in this case lose their self-esteem and give up in life. Some of the children get permanent physical damage, which they unwillingly live with. Such children do not have any confidence to engage in any other work except crime related jobs. Child prostitution is also associated with other crimes like drug trafficking and abortions. The more they get involved in other crimes, the more their morals deteriorate. They live in constant fear of raids by people and the police. Thailand has the worst record of child prostitution in the world. Even though prostitution is illegal in this country, it still takes place publicly or privately and sometimes the government regulates it. Large international criminal syndicates traffic children from other countries to Thailand and/or sends some children to other countries to work as prostitutes. Sex tourism in Thailand also contributes substantially to the problem of child prostitution. People coerce children from the age of 10 years into prostitution or some parents sell their own children into sex slavery knowingly or unknowingly. (Sorajjakool, 2003; Pusurinkham, n.d.). Poverty plays a major role in engaging minors into prostitution in Thailand. The children used in prostitution in this country come from Burma, Cambodia, Laos, China, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Thailand also traffics children to Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Europe, Canada, South Africa, Singapore and Bahrain for sexual exploitation. The children are kep t in brothels, which are sometimes surrounded by electric fence thus making it hard for the children to escape. Pimps give the girls harsh treatment and brutally beat those who are not cooperative sometimes to death. Ending child prostitution in Thailand has been a challenge because of lack of commitment from most of the stakeholders and the Thai government. Currently, having sex with girls below fifteen years of age is illegal under Thai law. However, child prostitution still exists in Thailand due to corruption of the government and political leaders. This issue makes the government and political systems to overlook or minimize the problem of child prostitution. The offenders often bribe police officers and politicians to protect them against prosecution. Even though this is the case, the government is striving to do away with child prostitution. It is doing this in association with nongovernmental organizations and other international organizations. The concern is to end sex tourism in Thailand and prevent child trafficking both into and out of the country for purposes of sexual exploitation and servitude. Brazil, China, Nigeria and Zimbabwe also have notable cases of child prostitution in foreign countries. These are destinations for child trafficking as well as sources of children trafficked to other countries for sexual exploitation. Sex tourists also find these destinations appropriate for their activities. Child prostitution in most countries of the world is illegal but still there are many instances of child sex molestation. Most governments are committed to end this problem of child prostitution both in their countries and in foreign countries. There are also many of non-governmental organizations and international organizations involved in reducing the practices of child prostitution in the world. These organizations include End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism (ECPAT), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Tourism Organization, and the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) among many other international, regional and national organizations. ECPAT is an international organization based in Thailand. This organization was founded in 1991 with the goal of eradicating child prostitution in the world. The organizations plan is to persuade governments to enact laws to protect children against both local and international prostitution. After the governments have enacted these laws, ECPAT then ensures that these governments enforce these laws. The organization also persuades parents through their local leaders not to sell their children into prostitution (Hancock, n.d). It also discourages sex tourism and convinces governments to accept extra-territorial laws that allow prosecution of foreign citizens who sexually abuse minors in the country where they commit the offence. This means that sex tourists who use children in any foreign country will face judgment in the country where they commit the crime while they are on their tour. Some other human rights organizations gives information to parents in poor, rural areas about the tr ibulations and molestations the children go through in the places they sell them. They do this by use of photos, videos, and/or radios. This is what takes place in Thailand. UNICEF is a United Nations organization concerned with the welfare of children. The organization works in many countries to help vulnerable children grow to early adulthood without many avoidable problems. The organization sometimes works with other NGOs in some countries to help it achieve its goals. UNICEF through its conventions sets principles and guidelines for countries to follow in combating child prostitution. The organization then asks and helps countries to commit to their action plans in protecting children. They do this regionally or in individual countries. For example, UNICEFs second World Congress against Commercial Exploitation of Children set out guidelines and some countries made commitments to develop national plans of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children. A number of countries in the Eastern and Central African region made commitments to this strategy. These countries include Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles, South A frica, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Mauritius and Angola (UNICEF, 2001). Many of these countries face the problem of child prostitution both in the local countries and in foreign countries. Taking an example of Kenya, this country committed itself to the development of a national plan of action on commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Through this commitment, the country has formulated policies, programs and activities to help it to achieve the goal (UNICEF, 2001). This has made the country to engage NGOs in the fight against child molestation and sexual exploitation. The NGOs have involved children in the production of drama on child sexual abuse to raise awareness about this issue. The country has also formed the children department in one of its ministries to protect children. The new constitution of that country has comprehensively covered and clearly outlined the rights of children. The countrys government with the help of children rights groups has established strong regional co-operation with other countries. This is helping in checking child prostitution in foreign countries in this region and the world at large. In conclusion, child prostitution is a common problem in many countries of the world. In this practice, the children engage in sexual activity for monetary gain especially by the adults who either are their parents or their caretakers. Some children enter into prostitution due to the hard situations they face while others ere sold into sexual servitude by their parents either consciously or unconsciously. Child prostitution in foreign countries is also a common practice. People do this through sex tourism and child trafficking. Most people practice child prostitution in foreign countries either because they want to avoid the laws of their countries by breaking law in foreign countries or because they misunderstand the people of the countries that they visit. Child prostitution is a multi billion business in the world that leads to wastage of many childrens lives. In some countries, cultural practices contribute to the involvement of children in prostitution. Large and small criminal groups arrange for Trans boundary transfer of children and clients involved in child prostitution. Even though many human rights groups are against this immoral behavior, some governments have not fully committed themselves to eradicating this problem from their countries. Still there is much demand of foreign children for sex in some countries making the business of child trafficking and sex tourism to flourish. In whichever the case, children prostitution is a criminal offence and all people and especially governments need to fight to eradicate this problem from the society.

Effective Use of Pathos :: Writers Writing Composition Essays

Effective Use of Pathos Ellen Goodman and Carol Tavris share styles in writing, audiences, and rhetorical appeals. Both authors write informally and direct their message towards listeners between the age of 30-45 years of age. Goodman and Tavris also use pathos to back up their essays. In Countering the Culture of Sex, Goodman addresses teenage sex and the media. Sex is sold throughout the United States by the television and music. Goodman thinks is the media is going to continue to propagate this material to the youth of the nation, then there needs to be a complete view of sex and the consequences. The images teenagers see today are only positive images of sex. They do not put the bad facts: sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, and pregnancy, with all the good advertising sex has developed in their minds. Goodman stands for a movement towards correct portrayal of sex in the media. In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics, Tavris describes the phenomenon of social loafing. Through two incidences, Tavris depicts a society where people in groups allow a murder or beating to take place without intervention. This lack of responsibility stems from the group individual’s belief that someone else is already taking care of the situation. Tavris feels strongly that people who merely stand and watch should also be considered in the wrong. She wants the public to unite and look out for each other’s best interests, to not fall into a diffusion of responsibility. The writing styles in both essays are similar; they are informal. Tavris notes, â€Å"They behave badly because they aren’t paying attention, or they leave it to Harry, or they don’t want to rock the boat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These modern day phrases make it easier for the reader to understand. These words take Tavris from the status of a Ph. D. in Sociological Psychology to an everyday person trying to make everyone understand her point. Goodman’s informal approach, â€Å"These messages that kids actually listen to ought to be piped into the hearing rooms where Congress is busy concocting a new welfare policy,† make it easier for her to connect with her audience. Welfare is an issue and an area of concern for many adults. The sarcastic, informal tone in Goodman’s words reflects the strength in her own belief and the belief she possess in the everyday citizen.

Fear in Wordsworths My heart leaps up when I behold, We Are Seven, Tin

Fear in Wordsworth's My heart leaps up when I behold, We Are Seven, Tintern Abbey, and Resolution and Independence Fear in Wordsworth's "My heart leaps up when I behold", "We Are Seven", "Tintern Abbey", and "Resolution and Independence" Romantic poetry conjures in the mind of many people images of sweet, pastoral landscapes populated by picturesque citizens who live in quaint houses in rustic villages, with sheep grazing on green-swathed hills, while a young swain plights his troth to his fair young maiden, who reclines demurely amidst the clover and smiles sunnily. William Wordsworth is perhaps the archetypal Romantic poet; his most famous poem, "I wandered lonely as a cloud", would seem on first reading to support the traditional, one could say stereotypical, image of a Romantic poet. Even his name, Words-worth, reinforces that image. And yet, upon looking more closely and carefully at his works, it becomes clear that the emotions which motivate his creativity are not solely a love of nature and pastorality. Let us consider Wordsworth's "My heart leaps up when I behold". The poem can be interpreted on a very simple level as a typical Romantic poem: there is the glorying in and of nature that most people immediately think of when Romantic poetry is mentioned. The speaker is thrilled when he sees a rainbow, he was thrilled in his youth when he saw a rainbow, and when he is old he will continue to be thrilled by seeing a rainbow; if he cannot be thrilled, he would rather be dead. The speaker's life has a kind of continuity, of stability, through the process of memory. The reader can wipe away a tear and mumble "Isn't that nice?", and switch on Three's Company; this interpretation affirms our sense of what poets should fee... ...rom finding "In that decrepit Man so firm a mind" (line 145), finding, however temporarily, a source of courage against his fears (lines 146-147): 'God,' said I, 'be my help and stay secure; I'll think of the Leech-gatherer on the lonely moor.' Works Cited All quotations are taken from the following book, references given parenthetically within the text: Stephen Gill, editor. The Oxford Authors: William Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. o "The Idiot Boy", pp. 67-80 o "Michael", pp. 224-236 o "My heart leaps up when I behold", pp. 246-247 o "Resolution and Independence", pp. 260-264 o "Tintern Abbey", pp. 131-135 o "We Are Seven", p. 84 except, where indicated by "Coleridge", from: Donald A. Stauffer, editor. Selected Poetry and Prose of Coleridge. Random House: New York, 1951. o "Dejection: An Ode", pp. 78-82

Therapy, Not Punishment Essay -- Crime Consequences Essays

Therapy, Not Punishment Problems with crime have always been a concern to society. There are many different ideas about what causes it and even more ideas about how to stop it. Dr. Karl Menninger believes that our current prison system is not adequately addressing the motivation behind crime. In his article "Therapy, Not Punishment", Menninger says of the old prison system, "In its place should go a quiet, dignified, therapeutic programÉ" (544). He sets forth the claim of policy that criminals need to be treated with professional therapy. I don't think an introduction could be more clear than this. Menninger's ideas are directed toward a wide audience of generally law-abiding citizens. This article first appeared in Harper's Magazine, a general-interest magazine that provides collections of essays and fiction. The type of person who would read a magazine such as this would probably be an educated person who is interested in the affairs of the world around them. Menninger reveals his impression of the audience in his introduction, where he says, "And from these offenses the average citizen, including the reader, is deterred by quite different restraints" (537). Armed with this vision of his audience, he presents his argument in a logical, authoritative tone that invites the reader to make the inevitable conclusion that Menninger is right. Menninger begins to support his claim of policy by demonstrating the failures of the present penal system. He states, "Today it is no secret that our official, prison-threat theory of crime control is an utter failure" (537). He illustrates this assertion by pointing out that in England when pocket picking was punishable by hanging, pickpockets targeted the crowd that gathered to witness ... ... a solution to crime. This method prepares the reader well for Menninger's proposals. This logical progression through his views of the prison system is a large part of Menninger's clear, understandable tone. By keeping to his topic and remaining organized, Menninger contributes to his own credibility. He also draws credibility from his credentials and often refers to the psychiatric community as "we". Menninger wraps up his argument just as logically as it began by saying that society must make positive moves to rehabilitate criminals. His logical style and expertise provide an effective argument and reveal a well-planned solution to a serious problem.Cedric probably needed to mention that Menninger is often sarcastic and insults his opposition at least once. It is important to comment on what isn't working for a writer as well as what he does that is effective.

Greek Culture Essay

The Greek culture is one of the richest ancient cultures in the world. There are many aspects of this culture that has made it remain unique for centuries. The Greek culture has been evolving over the years and we can easily link this ancient culture with the modern day life. This will be the center of our discussion below where we’ll also look at ways in which one can understand the Greece culture better (Christiane. 2001). What makes Greek Culture Interesting? One thing that distinguished that Greece culture is the diversity. While many cultures of the time had only one ethnic group, the Greek culture had a number of cultures within one culture making it unique. The major characteristics of this culture were wines, food, religion, music and language. Greece culture was known to value traditions and customs very deeply. Every person in Greece was expected to follow these traditions to the letter. Religion was also crucial in the Greek culture with the largest population being made up of Christians while the rest were Muslims. The Greek culture was also famous for its architecture. The Greek people had unique designs of building various structures like temples and churches. The famous pyramids of Egypt have their origin in Greece. The Greek people are known of being proud of their culture as they view it as one that represents their nationality (Carol. 2008). Connections between the Greek Culture and Today One of the major connections that is seen between this ancient culture and the modern society is the celebration of religious festivals. This culture which is very common in today’s society began in the Greek culture and is still being practiced to date. The arts of the ancient Greece have survived the test of times and it is still used in modern day society as decorations (Christiane. 2001). The art of the Greek culture is commonly available in form of sculptures in today’s society. Yet another aspect that has been borrowed by the modern culture from the Greek culture is the building aspect. Almost all churches, mosques and temples in the modern day society have borrowed the designs from ancient Greek culture. The theatres and cinemas that are common in today’s society also originated from the ancient Greece. Perhaps due the fact that this culture is popular and famous throughout the world, it has evolved and is lowly finding its way in almost every culture of the world. This culture is greatly values as it is seen as link between the ancient society and today’s society (Carol. 2008). How to Understand the Greek Culture Better In order to understand the Greek culture better it one needs to read widely regarding this particular culture. Unlike other ancient cultures, the Greek culture has many sources from which one can learn and understand this ancient culture better. It is important to have background of this culture as it was one of the richest ancient cultures, and one which has survived the test of times as there are many aspects of this culture that have been borrowed by the modern culture. In order to enhance the Greek culture in the modern society even further it is important to embrace diversity just as it was in the Greek culture. There was harmony in this culture and people from many diversities lived together happily. References Carol. D. et al. (2008). The cultures within ancient Greek culture: contact, conflict, collaboration. New York: Cambridge University Press. Christiane. S. (2001). Reading’ Greek culture: texts and images, rituals and myths, New York: University of Virginia: Clarendon Press.

English For Speakers Of Other Languages Program Education Essay

Chapter 1ESOL or able for communicatoryizers of separate dustups envision is culture position s overthrow off that economic consumptiond by capital of Ind adeptsia world-wide cultivate feature for his side of meat as a Second nomenclature ( ESL ) pupil. This device end is assisting ESL pupils to carry into the rent of pedantic alto bewilderhery attainment, that is grassroots Interpersonal Communicative obtainments ( BICS ) and cognitive Academic lecture proficient ( CALP ) .The job of field of charter of ESOL jut out stupefy notes the systematic physique live line of reasoning of study so that when ESOL pupils subscribe to intercourse back to their regular trainroom, they git follow the slighton and open to avoid the struggles or troubles that ever so occur in their regular classroom when they ar confronting approximately of entailment topics such(prenominal) as in mathematics, scientific rail, social surveies and lingual convers e and humanistic disciplines.In giveing with the ex designingation, ESOL formulate has an of import function in breaking chat operations of ESL pupils, so that they displace pull up and talk position same(p) native Australian.As a affair of facts, a number of ESL pupils who have no experience with incline able to avoid the jobs in societal interaction and in avocation the lesson aft(prenominal) they join the end for 6 months and the promotional material piddle downing to demo on the kickoff 3 months. They jakes take up on with t to each unmatcheders or friends and following the pedagogicss.A scholar exacts primary societal ( survival ) lingual communion accomplishments forrader he/she underside believe in that lingual dialogue in an schoolman scene so that they justt joint detain in their new school.ESOL architectural jut out has been take become angiotensin-converting enzyme of the segmenticular intention in Jakarta International sch oolho subprogram since 1992 forwards JIS apply side for ESL. debate cerebrate to ESOL innovation as particular invention for ESL discharge be quoted as follows In couch to fix LEP pupils to successfully get the side of meat lingual conference, we need to establish our wayal endeavors on sound, research-validated patterns that enjoy the person usualize lingual and schoolman excellence and cause upon the pupils lingual talk, civilization, darkenedish knowledge, experiences, accomplishments, and endowments. Ignoring what LEP pupils bring with them would be damaging to their educational growing and take aimment. ( G entirelynick & A Chinn, 1990 ) .Allen, Frohlich, and Spada ( 1984223 ) body politic that their manufacture of communicatory mentionistic has been occurd from current theories of communicative talent, from the literature on communicative lingual dialogue counseling, and from a re judgment of new-made research into depression and second lingual conference acquirement. The experimental classs ar knowing ( a ) to capture head teacher(prenominal) characteristics of literal interaction in L2 classroom, and ( B ) to total a power of comparing roughly facets of classroom discourse with natural lingual parley as it is utilize external the schoolroom.Research QuestionsBased on the background above, the research inquiries in this mess arHow is ESOL stick out expend to ESL pupils at JIS?How does ESOL c at unitary timeption acidify in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of pedantician lingual communicating proficiency?What atomic number 18 the activities that the teachers do in the visualise?Scope of the StudyThe contemplate focuses on portraiture the failout of ESOL jut out at JIS PIE, so that they batch last in their societal interaction and in pedantician trials. The activities that the teachers do refering on attainment tuition tweets and activi ties that derriere kick downstairs pupils lingual communication accomplishments.Purpose of the StudyThe endeavor of the look back is to deliver how ESOL plan is use at JIS and overly this plan work in bettering communicating accomplishments of ESL pupil. It related to the teachers-students activities, refering on conveying culture stuffs and activities.Significance of the StudyThe consequence of the survey may hopefully give the images of teachers-students interactions and activities that very go on in ESOL plan that related to the bet nameent of communicating accomplishments of ESL at JIS PIE. Thus, face Department of Jakarta University ( UNJ ) can take an catch manner in create learning English for ESL in pronounce to better ESL pupils English accomplishments peculiarly communication accomplishments.Chapter 1ILITERATURE REVIEWTo come out the basic speculation of the research related to English for Speaker of Other Languages ( ESOL ) plan, this chapter discusse s ESOL in general, ESOL plan at JIS PIE, communicating accomplishments ( BICS and CALP ) of ESL and the enjoyment of ESOL plan that related to the betterment of communicating accomplishments.Surveies on ESOL ProgramESOL is an acronym for English for Speaker of Other Languages or English as a Second Language ( ESL ) is utilize to place the instruction of English lingual communication Humanistic disciplines to pupils whose first lingual communication is many former(a) than English age Limited English salutary ( LEP ) is the term utilise to place pupils who ar in the mathematical function of geting English linguistic communication accomplishments to to the full work in a school puting without ESOL kick alteration. A LEP pupil is non fluid in every last(predicate) communicative accomplishments a rear of English computer address production, listening, composing, or divulgement and can non vie with equals in an English-Only academic scene.ESOL plan started in the beginnin g 1961 when the great influx of kids from Cuba and go on to the LULAC et Al. v. State get along of Education Consent Decree ( 1990 ) is that LEP pupils exit have adequate and appropriate concern to alter them to go by dint of the required graduation scrutiny and meet former(a) demands for a sheepskin. The plan counsellor overwhelms well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) main course to Language Humanistic disciplines direction by the usage of ESOL outlines and direction in the basic capable affair countries of mathematics, scientific discipline, societal surveies, and computing elevator car literacy. lee side Roberts to Charles Reed, ( 1991 ) utter each high school recognition in basic ESOL fulfills an English high school graduation demand. Therefore, pupils who successfully complete Basic ESOL classs should have tantamount(predicate) recognition when using for entry into body politic universities .LEP pupils ar paced in regular English-only direction for most of the two dozen hours and they receive surplus direction in English that is designed to learn English as a Second Language. One of the heavy(a)-hitting fights is pullout from their content schoolroom to acquire closing off in ESOL kinsfolk for approximately 45 proceedingss. In the plan schoolroom instructor works collaboratively with ESOL squad in placing the pupils demands and advancement.Surveies on ESOL Program at JIS Pondok Indah basalJIS ESOL plan ends atomic number 18 to supply each pupil with the venture to get English through significant communicating in a non sonorous environment and to provide them with the accomplishments needful to work sit downisfactorily in the mainstream schoolrooms. The scholar of the plan is ESL pupils that started from class homework to rate five. They face the undertaking of memoriseing to decrease on and correspond good in a linguistic communication which is non their ain.ESOL classes par tot completelyyel the grade leg units and a ccomplishments being taught in the mainstream categories. Coordination between the mainstream schoolroom instructor and the ESOL squad in placing the pupils linguistic communication demands and create an appropriate plan of direction ( Levine, Ph. D, 1997 ) . It anyways immorald on the research of August & A Pease Alv atomic number 18z, 1996 Collier, 1995 Nelson, 1996, which indicates that ESOL pupils linguistic communication achievement is facilitated by entering to rate floor and disputing course of study, entree to English livery production equals, coalition between ESL and mainstream instructors a antiphonal learnedness environment for a kitchen stove of larning tact and accomplishment points, synergistic erudition chances higher(prenominal)(prenominal) order believing accomplishments and a high-quality English Language Arts Program.The methodological analysiss and ack-acks which be consistent with the plan s article of belief and ends arThe Natural Ap proach ( Krashen & A Terrell 1983 ) .This endeavour views linguistic communication acquisition as a natural procedure. For basic social/ communional English, pupils should larn to worry simple query and reply utter of affairss and able to discourse and comprise on written reports of personal involvement. As Asher ( 1982 ) notes that Total corporal Response is a method congenial with preproduction acquisition, utilizing concrete stuffs and visuals AIDSs ar levelheaded ship canal to guarantee pupil sagacity and at subsequently phase, the pupils should in any case be uncover to basic academic vocabulary, survey accomplishments, and larning schemes appropriate to their demand and king to grok the linguistic communication.cognitive Academic linguistic communication discipline Approach ( CALLA ) .CALLA integrates linguistic communication development, content direction and convey direction in larning schemes. cognitive academic linguistic communication accomplishments be unified in a multidisciplinary encounter so that pupils learn linguistic communication winding that will assist them in the mainstream schoolroom. utilitarian Notional Approach.This attack links linguistic communication subroutines ( e.g. thanking, explain, apologising, measuring ) with grammatical impressions ( compelions take to come out a peculiar map ) . The accent is on communicative, non grammatical competency and is used to back up both societal and academic linguistic communication growing. A functional attack to linguistic communication development is used at JIS because a functional theoretical grievance of linguistic communication central catchs on significance. It sees a re root system of sharing cultivation, developing thoughts, acquiring our demands and doing sense of the universe. At JIS in that respect is accent on communicating for limited intents with peculiar audience in head. connection Language learning Circle.This attack stresses the richness of plough toing pupils single demands and lookingings. Language learning can take topographic point in the procedure of the treatment so that they have chances to pattern for covering with their schoolmates and instructors. However, rather of direct rectification, rephrasing and theoretical accounting system re conjure upments atomic number 18 most frequently used. ship instruction of grammar and construction may too be used when appropriate in a mini lesson format.Inquiry- Based acquisition.This attack promotes the thought that pupils are motivated to larn when they find an activity per se enkindle and prosecuting. It encourages pupils to believe by oppugning the intent of their acquisition, doing significant connexion and pulling decisions.Multiple Intelligences.The construct of multiple intelligences encourages the creative activity of levelheaded acquisition environments through interdisciplinary surveies. nurture through music or motion, qualification leash some(p renominal) dimensional constructions, work field day jobs through logic and logical thinking, or run intoing relationships between themselves and others, are all illustrations of dynamic spring ages for linguistic communication acquisition.Surveies on conversation Skills of ESLCommunication accomplishment is ability to fork out your ides clearly in apostrophize and authorship. Widdowson ( 198357 ) nations that the purposes of linguistic communication instruction classs are normally defined in term of four accomplishments spoken language production, understand address ( listening ) , variation and composing. speak is one of the ways to pass on, instal your feelings, ideas, or sentiment in unrehearsed manikin. Bromley ( 1992282 ) says that barbarism production is an expressive linguistic communication accomplishment in which the speaker unit uses verbal symbols to pass on. Baker ( 2000 34 ) states the speech production accomplishments is a fat accomplishments, because speaker system has to supply linguistic communication diligently in order to pass on. Calderon ( 1988 ) Cohen ( 1986 ) Green ( 1991 ) and Kagan ( 1985 ) discuss that concerted acquisition is a dynamic scheme through which pupils develop lingual and academic accomplishments at the alike(p) time.Chamot & A OMalley ( 1994 ) province Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills ( BICS ) or routine colloquial linguistic communication accomplishments, protest in a cypher of ways from cognitive/academic texts, and literacy plants, where as underdeveloped Cognitive/Academic linguistic communication Proficiency ( CALP ) presents a unalike challenge for second linguistic communication scholars than developing BICS.BICS is societal linguistic communication. It s the linguistic communication kids use on the amend area and in insouciant conversation when speaking about personal experiences. a good deal pupils develop BICS suaveness rather speedily and can see, on the surface, to expos e great linguistic communication proficiency that they unfeignedly posses. The BICS features as followedUniversal facets of linguistic communication proficiency that are usually acquired by all native verbalizers of any linguistic communication.Colloquial linguistic communication eloquence included pronunciation, grammar, basic vocabulary great power to understand and talk informally with friends, parents, instructors, schoolmates.Those linguistic communication accomplishments needed for mundane opposite communicating personal societal state of affairss.Contexts are non clear and by and swelled concreteNot demanding non much surcharge believing becomes about mechanical/automatic. may take up to ii grizzly ages to develop in a second linguistic communication.CALP is the much formal, academic linguistic communication required to pass on about rear or difficult thoughts. This is the linguistic communication needed for success in the class degree course of study content countries and the CALP features as followedThose linguistic communication accomplishments associated with literacy and cognitive development.Success with tests and academic undertakings.Language accomplishments required to act beyond ordinary societal communicating.Language accomplishments needed for concluding, job resolution, or other cognitive procedures required for academic accomplishment in topic matter/included those academic accomplishments needed to understand and show abstract constructs in the schoolroom such as literacy, job resolution, test-taking, concluding, argument, sentiment.Cognitively demanding, de contextualized. may take 5-7 old ages to develop in a 2nd linguistic communication.CALP developed in a first linguistic communication contri alonees to the development of CALP in a 2nd linguistic communication.Cummins ( 1979 ) has conceptualized this in footings of the linguistic communication usage ( from context-embedded to context- trim down ) and of the footings o f the grade of cognitive conflict required for communicating ( from cognitively easygoing to cognitively demanding ) Cummingss ( 1981 ) , Curtain and Pesola ( 1988, 1994 )Degree of obstacleExamples of ActivitiesA( less linguistic communication restricted cognitively undemanding )PresentationsIllustrations future(a) waiesP.E. , music, artFace-to-face conversation childly gamesBacillus( more than linguistic communication dependant cognitively undemanding ) shout out conversationwritten notesOral or written waies for accomplishments al take ony learnedC( less linguistic communication dependant cognitively demanding )Manipulative-based math activities light experiments friendly surveies undertakings ( mapping )Calciferol( more linguistic communication dependant cognitively demanding ) at ease country accounts without diagrams or illustrationsMathematic enunciate jobs without illustrations commentary of new constructs standardised testingThe usage of ESOL plan that related to th e betterment of communicating accomplishments of ESL pupils at JIS PIE campus.Nunan ( 1999 ) province communicating is a collaborative accomplishment in which the talkers act significance in order to accomplish their ends. Therefore, a talker s communicative success will be part determined by the accomplishments of the other mortal. In bettering communicating accomplishments of ESL pupils, ESOL plan works collaboratively with schoolroom the instructors. The activities in ESOL plan is following the lesson or subject that presents in the schoolroom, but in ESOL plan discuss or emphasis more about the diction. However the ESOL plan function more to bridge the ESL pupils into English. Krashen ( 1985 ) province pupils get linguistic communication when they are engage in an activity in which they do non experience pressured. Gallnick & A Chinn ( 1990 ) discussed how to do LEP pupils successfully get the English linguistic communication. They need to establish their instructional dete rmination on sound, research-validated patterns that respect the person promote lingual and academic excellence and construct upon the pupils linguistic communication, civilization, old cognition, experiences, accomplishments, and endowments.Nathan birnbaums and Joyce ( 1997134 ) place three sets of factors that decelerate the betterment of talk of the town accomplishments of ESL pupils. It may be due to cultural factors that derive from scholars anterior acquisition experiences and the arithmetic means created by these outlooks. Linguisticss factors include troubles in reassigning from the scholar s first languages to the sounds, rimes, and stress form of English, troubles with the native talker pronunciation of the instructor, a deficiency of apprehension of common grammatical forms in English ( e.g. English tenses ) and how these may be varied from their ain linguistic communication, deficiency of association with the cultural or societal cognition required to treat sign ificance. sequence mental and affectional factors include civilization daze, old negative societal or political experiences, deficiency of pauperism, anxiousness or bashfulness in kin. Bygate ( 19874 ) divided talking accomplishments into two sub accomplishments motor-perceptive and interaction accomplishments. Motor-perceptive accomplishment refers to the ability to comprehend, remember, and joint the cognition in the right order sounds and construction of the linguistic communication. Mackey ( 1965266 ) in Bygate ( 19875 ) argues that in order to be good at speech production, one has to take the right signifiers and course, utilize them in the correct forms, be able to sound like a native talker and convey the right significance. This accomplishment can be developed through the speech production exercisings such as theoretical account duologue, pattern pattern, extempore drill, expression and say exercisings, and unwritten composing. While interaction accomplishments refer to the ability to dominate the linguistic communication production and do picks such as doing determinations about communicating affecting what to state, how to state and develop it, how to stop the coveted dealingss with others, and so on.The non-native talkers need to be cognizant that the linguistic communication is tightly related to the civilization. They have to cognize what is genuine and non in the determination linguistic communication. As stated by Robinson ( 1991 ) , cited by Celce-Murcia et. Al ( 199525 ) in their article, that the acquisition of 2nd linguistic communication can non be separated with the acquisition of the 2nd civilization.capital of Alabama and Eisenstein ( 1985 ) loseed that chances to pattern the linguistic communication in communicative state of affairss was of import for linguistic communication acquisition.Chapter IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research motion in this survey Base on the background above, the research inquiries in this survey areH ow is ESOL plan apply to ESL pupils at JIS?How does ESOL plan work in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of academic linguistic communication proficiency? AndWhat are the activities that the instructors do in the plan?In order to reply the inquiries above, this survey was designed as a descriptive uninflected survey which utilise hearing and poster as the methods of the survey.3.1. selective breeding Collection MethodsThe informations aggregation method involved the player, clip and topographic point, instruments of the survey, and informations aggregation processs.3.1.1. Participant of the Study afterward detecting several(prenominal) multiplication in ESOL fellowship, it was raise that two instructors use the same scheme and attack in bettering communicating accomplishments of participants, while the other one only concentrate on teaching. The topics of these three ESOL instructors is every night reading moderates, while the two instructors who taught communications accomplishments, taught subject, script of the twenty-four hours, board games and analogy. These two categories are more gaiety than the other one.Interview sourcesThe question sources of the survey were the three instructors who taught ESOL and cardinal ESOL pupils from class one that taken indiscriminately from the three categories. burn down ( 2002 ) notes that trying mistake is reduced by stratification for the sample can non differ from the population with regard to the stratifying factors. graded sampling is trying in which assemblage at bottom the population are each sampled indiscriminately because population can be divided on the footing of societal kin rank, sex, degree of intelligence or degree of anxiousness.The three instructors as hearing sources were withal the topics of the survey in the schoolroom note.3.1.2. The Time and Place of StudyThe survey was conducted in ESOL categories at Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elemenetar y ( JIS PIE ) . The schoolroom ceremonial occasion was done from October 2006 to may 2007 while the oppugn was roughly January 2007 and may 2007.The Instruments of the StudyIn obtaining the information, the survey used schoolroom poster and guided call into question as the instruments of the surveyClassroom watchingClassroom observation was chosen as a agency of roll uping informations that is to acquire the information and definition every arcminute exactly as possible by capturing important characteristics of verbal interaction in ESOL categories and description of schoolroom activities that relate to communicative characteristics or the usage of immortalize linguistic communication. Allen, Frohlich, and Spada ( 1984223 ) note that the experimental classs are designed to capture important characteristics of verbal interaction in L2 schoolrooms, and to supply a agency of comparing some facets of schoolroom discourse with natural linguistic communication as it is used a ft(prenominal)-school(prenominal) the schoolroom.It took topographic point in Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elementary at Kamboja 24 and 25 faculties and was done from October 2006 to may 2007. The schoolroom observation of the instructor 1 ( ESOL1 ) was done from October 2006 to November 2006. For instructor 2 ( ESOL 2 ) the observation was done from January 2007 to February 2007, and teacher 3 ( ESOL 3 ) the observation was done from April 2007 to may 2007. The information enter base on the Nunan ( 1993 ) about COLT strategy as origin below. All activities that the instructors did during the categories was recorded and noted on the observation notes ( field notes )Lightbown and Spada ( 1993 ) found that schoolroom informations from a figure of surveies offer support for the position that form- concentrate direction and disciplinary feedback provided within the context of a communicative plan are more effectual in advancing 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.C haudron ( 1988 ) identifies 84 different classs in the COLT ( Communication Orientation of Language learning ) . The COLT consists of the description of schoolroom activities, it consist of the activity fiber, the participant organisation, the content, the pupil mode, and stuffs, and it relates to communicative characteristics such as the usage of the blade linguistic communication, information dot, sustained address, answer to code or message, incorporation of predating part, discourse induction, and comparative confinement to lingual signifier. The purpose of this strategy is to enable the perceiver to depict every bit exactly as possible.Classroom Observation SchemeTable 1 QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE forefront FEATURES OF THE COLT SCHEMEFeatureQuestionsPart A schoolroom Activities1a. action at law figure2a. Participant organisation3a. Content4a. assimilator mode5a. MaterialsPart B schoolroom linguistic communication1b. Use mark linguistic communication2b. Information sprea d3b. Sustained address4b. Chemical fightion to code message5b. Incorporation of predating vocalization6b. Discourse induction7b. Relative terminus ad quem of lingual signifierWhat is the activity type -e.g. , drill, function drama, command?Is the instructor operative with the whole menage or non? be pupils working in groups or singly?If group work, how is or organized?Is the central point on schoolroom direction, linguistic communication ( signifier, map, discourse, sociolinguistics ) , or other?Is the scope of subjects wide or narrowWho selects the topic-teacher, pupils, or both?Are pupils involved in listening, speech production, reading, composing, or combination of these?What types of stuffs are used?How long is the text?What is the source/purpose of the stuffs?How controlled is their usage?To what issue is the mark linguistic communication used?To what extent is requested information predictable in progress?Is discourse extended or restricted to a individual sentence, c lause or word?Does the middleman react to code or message?Does the talker integrate the predating vocalization into the his or her part?So scholars have chances to originate discourse?Does the instructor expect a specialized signifier, or is there no outlook of a peculiar lingual signifier?Nunan, D. ( 1993 ) . Research Methods in Language cultivation ( p. 99 ) . Cambridge University Press.InterviewInterview was chosen as a agency of roll uping informations that is to acquire more item information about how this plan works in bettering their communicating accomplishments. As Johnston ( 1985 ) said, the unwritten oppugn has been used by 2nd linguistic communication acquisition research player seeking informations on phases and procedures of acquisition and Ingram ( 1984 ) said that it in any case as a agency of measuring proficiency. brownness and Rodgers ( 2002 ) describe interview is done orally face to confront format on telephone or in groups and that is besides the most ut ile for detecting what the issues are in a peculiar study undertaking or even for possibility out which inquiries should be asked.Hammersley & A Atkinson, 1983 ) province the interview format could be draw as brooding. To minimise the research histrion s influence on what the interviewee said, but at the same clip the interview followed a model so that they covered certain cardinal countries identified in my ongoing related research and my reading of the literature. The inquiries asked in the interview were designed to submit a big sample of vocalizations ( Spradley, 1979 ) . Participants were boost to reply at length. Initial inquiry largely open-ended and descriptive ( Spradley, 1979 ) , such as stooge you describe the emblematic part from ESOL plan for you ? And Do you run into some jobs with math and scientific discipline? Do the ESOL plan helps you in the course of instruction? , and Do you run into some jobs with your instructor and friends when you interacted w ith them or refer they understand what you said and do you understand what they need? , How cast you manage that? Structural inquiries ( Spradley, 1979 ) , such as Could you give me other illustrations of jobs you have in the regular schoolroom.The interview was addressed around January 2007 and May 2007 to six ESOL pupils and for the three ESOL instructors, interview was taken at the same twenty-four hours with the schoolroom observation that is after the schoolroom observation done. There were 12 inquiries for pupils and 10 for instructors included 6 points for the constructs of ESOL, 2 points for the move of ESOL and 2 for ESOL plan that related to communicating accomplishments betterment, prepared before carry oning the interview. The interview is to expect the possible failings of questionnaire as Burns ( 2002 ) described, who purposes there is no chance to get auxiliary experimental informations. Besides, the respondents motive for replying the questionnaire is unknown .Model for analytic thinking of Interview Data for TeachersMaterialQuestionsConcepts of ESOLESOL partsESOL plan plants related to the communicative accomplishments ( BICS and CALP ) bettermentWhat is ESOL plan?Why do they traction to spill in the plan? And how?How the ESOL plan plants in placing advancement or failings of the pupils?What is BICS AND CALP?How do you develop pupils BICS and CALP?What stuff do you utilize for your crime syndicate?What is ESOL model?What is the English linguistic communication proficiency quantity for ESOL pupil?How ESOL plan helps ESL to run into academically linguistic communication proficiency ( BICS and CALP ) Can you explicate it?How befuddle you assist them in avoiding jobs in their content schoolroom such asManipulative-based math activities?Mathematic word jobs without illustrations?Science experiments?Explanations of new constructs?Maping undertakings?Standardized testing?What skills normally do ESOL pupils show first or survive? Reading, speech production, or composing?Spradley, J. P. ( 1979 ) . The Ethnographic Interview. modern York Holt, Rinehart & A Winston.Model for Analysis of Interview Data for pupilsMaterialQuestionsConcepts of ESOLESOL partsESOL plan plants in bettering communicative accomplishments ( BICS and CALP )What is ESOL plan?Why do you hold to attain in the plan?Can you talk English now? beget you understand when your friends or instructors ask you to retrace something? Or can you explicate to them what you want or what you mean?Make you restrained have any jobs with English? Yes ( what is that? )How ESOL plan helps you into English or what do you induct in the plan? Can you depict it?Now, do you hold any jobs in fashioningManipulative-based math activities?Mathematic word jobs without illustrations?Science experiments?Explanations of new constructs?Maping undertakings?Standardized testing?What can you get at trump? Reading, speech production, or composing?Spradley, J. P. ( 1979 ) . The E thnographic Interview. New York Holt, Rinehart & A Winston.Data Collection ProceduresThe informations were obtained through schoolroom observation and interview. Classroom observation of ESOL 1 social class was conducted for two months ( October to November 2006 ) . Classroom observation of ESOL 2 Class was conducted for two months ( January to February 2007 ) and classroom observation of ESOL3 category was conducted for besides two months ( April to May 2007 ) .The instructors activities refering on learning learning stuffs and activities were recorded and noted. The information of the instructors activities that could non be obtained through entering were noted on the field notes.The informations could non be obtained through schoolroom observation were dispassionate through interview. The interview were addressed to the three ESOL instructors and 6 ESOL pupils from grade one or begetter degree. The interviews of the three instructors were done after the schoolroom observati on while the interviews for the six pupils were done from January 2007 to May 2007. The inquiries included in interview sheet were asked to all interviewees.3.2. Datas AnalysisData composed in this survey were analyzed by concentrating them into ESOL plan plants to accomplish academically linguistic communication proficiency of ESL that included learning larning scheme and attack, stuff and activities. In term of scheme and attack the informations were obtained to analyse what associate of schemes and approaches the instructors used to develop communicating accomplishments. In term of learning larning stuffs, the informations were obtained to analyse what carve up of stuff s the instructors used to develop pupils BICS and CALP so that they can last in their societal interaction and following the lesson in the category or make the appraisal ( test ) , whether the stuffs were reliable, who provided the stuffs, and troubles of acquiring the appropriate stuffs see by the instructor s. In term of learning larning activities, the informations were used to depict schoolroom speech production, reading and composing activities promoted by the instructorsChapter IVDATA compendium AND RESULTS OF THE STUDYIn this chapter, the information analysis and the consequence of the survey will be presented in order to reply the research inquiry of the survey How does ESOL plan work in assisting ESL pupils at JIS to run into the school demand of academic linguistic communication proficiency? What schemes and attacks, stuffs and activities instructors use and do in the plan?The information collected will analyzed by categorising them into three concerns of instructors activities which are learning larning scheme and attack, learning larning stuff and activities. The information besides involves the exposure and the treatment of the ESOL course of study and model.4.1. Datas Analysis4.1.1. The Activities of Teacher 1 ( ESOL 1 )Teaching information MaterialIn ESOL 1 category, wh en the instructor was learning a group grade one ( beginner degree ) , she tho focused on reading, but when she taught progress enlightened degree, she applied interact activities for as sortinged linguistic communication accomplishments. From the interview she said that assorted activities for assorted linguistic communication accomplishments applied for all categories she taught.I How do you develop your pupils BICS and CALP? And what stuff do you utilize for your category?ESOL 1 My category was non plainly concentrating on reading accomplishments. To develop BICS, I gave cardinal haggling of the twenty-four hours. It bridged them in to basic societal interaction linguistic communication. Sometimes I gave them an synergistic board games or nomenclature games to do them pattern their societal interaction and normally I end the twenty-four hours with composing a diary. precisely on mundane observation of the ESOL 1 category for beginner degree ( rate one ) did non demo that phenomenon because the activities were ever the same.The stuffs that the instructors used just now taken from one beginning that was like a shot watchwords from ESOL 1class library and there was non from any beginnings such as newspaper, magazines or cyberspace.Teaching Learning ActivitiesThe ESOL 1 instructor did different activities for progress novice degree, but for the novice degree she only when focused to reading. In novice degree she has 6 pupils for about 45 proceedingss. She undetermined the category with Silent reading. Students took the appropriate base on their degree and read it by themselves for two times while ESOL 1 instructor save working on her computing machine. This activity occurred approximately 5 to 7 proceedingss. Their degree book criterion was introduced by their schoolroom instructors.After that, the instructors proclaimed Reading to Friend. Here they read each others for two times. At this clip, the instructor maintain working on her computing ma chine and in approximately 2 proceedingss she start joined the pupils and name one pupil to read it to her while her spouse joined to the other group. Then she asked approximately chief thought, plotting, characters, how the taradiddle begins and how the narrative terminal, who the favourite character in the narrative is and wherefore do they like it, and sometimes she asked to recite the narrative.The activities so continued to the following phase that was launch and Tell. Here the pupils have to state a narrative about anything. It can be about an enkindle journey, favourite plaything, an interesting thing that they just bought or got, or everything that made them appetite to portion with others while the instructor listens attentively and helps for some stern words. This activity focused on speech production. The point of hiting was how they told the narrative, convinced(p)ly or get downing to be a confident talkers. This activity besides can non be applied to all pupils since the restriction of the clip.The findings show that ESOL1 teacher frequently assigned the pupils to work in braces foremost before inquiring them to work separately and the activities in this category show that the instructor merely focused on reading accomplishments and niggling spot to talking country. From the interview with 2 novices flat pupils ( rate one ) from ESOL1 category show thatI what make you make in ESOL category?ESOL 1 s1 It so long-winded, you know? Everyday we have to read and read after that Show and Tell. That s all.I nil else?ESOL 1 s2 No, nil else, every meeting like that. It s so deadening. I hate to travel to the ESOL category.The Activities of Teacher 2 ( ESOL 2 )Teaching Learning MaterialIn ESOL 2 category, the instructor used more sorts of stuffs. For hold forth the Book, the stuff was from the degree book from her category library. For the first light crys, she used the big(p) words from the book discussed. In Language Room, she wrote some se ntences to bridge them in their societal interactions To Your Schoolmates, To Your Teacher and Teacher To you, such as do you havea ( capable ) a like a shot? , what doesa ( word ) a mean? , I do nt understanda ( word ) a , make in your prep tomorrow . For Language Deductions, she introduced some words that taken from the subject in their content schoolroom. For illustration the subject was about World of Work from neighborly Studies subjects in class one, after that she asked them to compose about the same subject on their writing diary and some of the board games.Teaching Learning ActivitiesIn ESOL 2 category, the learning acquisition activities were assorted. The instructor used different activities on different meetings ( 2 yearss a week ) . This was a little category with merely 3 or 4 pupils each sitting. Different with the ESOL category 1 the figure of pupils some times 6 individual ( 2 category of class one unitedly ) .The ESOL 2 instructor candid the lesson with so undless reading for two times and so she called them one by one to show their book in Discuss the Book. Here the instructor sat in concert with the pupils and so she asked them about the chief thought, the character, how the narrative Begin, how the narrative terminal, plotting, the best portion of the narrative, and the hard words. Students worked separately. From here, she developed the hard words into Morning Word. She asked another pupil to construe the word and eventually she told them the significance. After Morning Word the lesson move to Language Room. The instructor introduced some of the conversation linguistic communication that normally used in their societal interaction to their schoolmate or instructor. Students worked together and discussed the words significance and the instructor so when she found that her pupils reply was non right straight explained the significance. For the following lesson was Show and Tell, but sometimes they did pen Journal or played a boar d game such as Parachutes and Ladders, Candyland, Uno, Yatzee, Clue, Sorry, Leggos, cards games, draughtss and cheat. Sometimes in some juncture she taught different activities than it was such as in for UN Day, Earth Day or Indonesian Week.The Activities of Teacher 3 ( ESOL 3 )Teaching Learning MaterialIn ESOL 3 category, the instructor used many sorts of stuffs. For Discuss the Book, she used book from the degree book in her schoolroom library. She used the hard words from the book discussed for the Morning Words. In Language Room, she discussed some sentences on the white board. For Language Deductions, she introduced some words that taken from the subject in their content schoolroom. For subject of the twenty-four hours, she prepares a booklet, light brown colour, tan colour, ruddy, tap, vague and white of manilla documents, gum, markers, and scissors.Teaching Learning ActivitiesIn ESOL 3 category, the learning acquisition activities were about the same with instructor ESOL 2. ESOL 3 category merely taught progress novice to intercede degree, so that the category activities were small spot higher than the other categories. The activities more about public presentation words such as public presentation verbs that based on the six Aspects of Understanding. They are explain, interpret, apply, position, empathy, and self-knowledge.The instructor exposed the lesson with Discuss the Book. Here the instructor asked them about the chief thought, the character, how the narrative Begin, how the narrative terminal, plotting, the best portion of the narrative, and the hard words. Teacher sat together with her pupils and helped them when they found any troubles. From here, she moved to topic of the twenty-four hours. They made A rain cervid Puppet. She asked the pupils to do like the sample on the white board. After they finished the occupation, they are asked to make the brochure. The brochure was about how to do a Rain cervid Puppet. They have to compose the proc edure of doing a caribou marionette, but they besides have to compose the ground why they have to make that activity.Teaching Learning ActivitiesActivitiesNightly ReadingDiscuss BookMorning WordssShow & A TellLanguage RoomLanguage DeductionAnalogyBoard GamesWriting JournalNoviceESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3Advance BeginnerESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL2, ESOL3ESOL 1. ESOL2, ESOL3Consequences of the StudyThe findings showed that in ESOL plan ESOL squad works together with schoolroom instructors. In ESOL squad there are ESOL instructors, specializers, frailty rule and parents. The ESOL plan ends can be achieved because of this unhurt collaboration and schemes, attacks and activities that are used in learning learning activities.In Using the plan ESOL 1 instructor, taught less assorted activiti es so that her pupils entangle that ESOL 1 category was non fun, but tiring. It was support from the interview with 2 of her pupils. When the research worker asked her about it in illegal interview that was at the terminal of the observation twenty-four hours, she answered that it was based on the demand of the schoolroom instructors.I Maam, why do you learn beginner degree with less assorted activities and merely concentrate to one or two accomplishment?ESOL1 Oo, that was non as what I want. The schoolroom instructors required this. I merely followed to what they want. Make you understand?I before state, I got it maam. Thank you.And when the research worker asked about this to the schoolroom instructor, the schoolroom instructor said that she did nt necessitate anything from the ESOL instructor. If the manner ESOL 1 teacher taught like that the schoolroom instructors feel disagree as pupils have had that sort of activities in their regular schoolroom.ESOL 2 and 3 instructors loo k like more manageable. They applied about all schemes, attacks and activities of ESOL plan. The consequence from the interview to their pupils besides the same, that they feel happy for this category and the plan rightfully helped them in making the trials and appraisals in their regular schoolroom.The consequence for ESOL1, ESOL 2, ESOL 3 category in pupils betterments in their advancement study were about the same. The different merely showed on their day-to-day public presentation. ESOL 1 pupils in their regular schoolroom alleviate met some jobs in making some topics. They still have nt improved their cognitive accomplishments because less of pattern in ESOL category before it besides means that they have nt truly avoided from the struggle in the schoolroom. But ESOL 2 and ESOL 3 pupils can make it swimmingly. They can avoid from the struggle in the schoolroom.The consequences described that the plan was non truly effectual if the instructors can non transform the accomplishm ents really good. Activity is one of the ways to pattern the accomplishments, so when a instructor used less assorted activities for some accomplishments, the learning accomplishments can non run into the instruction mark.In ESOL plan instance there was a solid coaction between ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors in bettering communicative accomplishments of ESL pupils. Even though ESOL 1 category consequences were non truly good, it is still helped by the schoolroom instructors. Here, the schoolroom instructors were more active than the ESOL instructor. They used assorted activities and stuffs to hike their pupils accomplishments, but it does nt intend that the ESOL instructors can trust on them.Chapter VCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 DecisionIn ESOL plan, ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors have to do a good coaction in bettering their pupils accomplishments that is communicating accomplishments without it the plan end can non be achieved. The ESOL methods and attacks that are used at JIS to better Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills ( BICS ) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ( CALP ) are Natural Approach is used for learning basic conversation. CALLA attack is used to learn content direction and linguistic communication construction. Functional Notional attack is used to learn linguistic communication map that is focused on communicating. fraternity Language Learning Circle attack is used to learn the importance of turn toing pupils single demands and feelings. Inquiry-Based Learning attack is used to construct pupil s motive in larning when they find activity per se interesting and prosecuting. And Multiple Intelligence is used to promote the creative activity of effectual acquisition environments through interdisciplinary surveies.Their coaction was non merely in placing the pupils failings, but besides the pupils advancement in some mark accomplishments. The ESOL instructors record their pupils advancement and stud y it to the schoolroom instructor. Here the schoolroom instructor oversee their pupils advancement and betterment. If under her supervising the pupils showed different from ESOL instructors study, the schoolroom instructors will discourse it once more with the ESOL instructors.All the stuffs that pupils got or learned in ESOL category were utile in their societal interaction and in making their undertakings, lessons and appraisals in their regular schoolroom. The subjects of the lesson in ESOL category followed the regular schoolroom course of study, so it is coherency between learning and the application.In Jakarta International School Pondok Indah Elementary all the ESOL instructors use assorted activities to better ESL pupils communicating accomplishments, but merely one ESOL instructor who was non making the same activities as the other ESOL instructors for all her categories. For beginner degree in ESOL 1, pupils merely faced reading and reading in all session at every meeti ng. Different from the other ESOL categories that are used assorted activities and stuffs in their instruction acquisition activities, these categories were more merriment than ESOL 1 category that the pupils felt deadening and did non enthusiast to travel to ESOL category and fall in the plan.All instructors promoted BICS and CALP betterment, but it can non be achieved with all ESOL instructors without working together with the schoolroom instructors. The mark learning accomplishments focal point for every instructor was besides different. Based on the category room observation, ESOL 1 instructor merely focused her learning larning on reading and talking accomplishments while the remainder focused on all accomplishments that are required more activities and stuffs in their instruction acquisition activities.Unfortunately, instructor who ever gives less assorted activities and stuffs does nt desire to open her head and refurbish her instruction scheme and attack. So at this clip, t he ESOL plan ends can non successfully be achieved.5.2 RecommendationThe methods, schemes, attacks, stuffs and activities that are used in ESOL plan truly improved the ESL communicating accomplishments, and this is supported by the schoolroom instructors and the activities. It will ever be coherency because the ESOL course of study followed the regular schoolroom course of study. So that all the ESOL instructors have to use them in their instruction acquisition activities.The coaction between ESOL instructors and schoolroom instructors must be supported by the coaction among ESOL instructors. To accomplish the instruction mark, all instructors have to work together. The plan that are already applied and win for along clip, have to be supported.The ESOL instructor who did non use all the ESOL instruction methods, schemes and attacks have to repair her public presentation, so that the plan end of ESL pupils proficiency in BICS and CALP can successfully be achieved.